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someone charged with a crime the defendant in a criminal proceeding начать обучение
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case brought in court, seeking damages for a tort начать обучение
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criminal deed or act - compare to mens rea, which means the criminal intent начать обучение
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to act as a judge in a dispute; to make a formal decision about something начать обучение
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body of law, such as rules, regulations, orders and decisions, created by and related to administrative agencies начать обучение
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law regarding the relationship where one person /the agent/ acts and is authorised to act for another /the principal/ начать обучение
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written agreement between states or nations governed by international laws начать обучение
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agreement /international/
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form or method or resolving disputes apart from litigation начать обучение
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alternative dispute resolution /ADR/
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impartial person given power to decide a dispute начать обучение
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collective body of arbitrators or arbiters начать обучение
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form of dispute resolution /an alternative to litigation through the court system/ in which disputes are heard and decided by an impartial arbitrator or arbitrators, chosen by the parties to the dispute начать обучение
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impartial person having power to decide a dispute начать обучение
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/UK/ document that defines a company's internal organisation /US - bylaws/ начать обучение
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intentional attempt or threat to injure another person that causes them to reasonably expect to be harmed начать обучение
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person who receives an assignment начать обучение
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transfer of one's contractual rights to a third party начать обучение
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person who transfers his/her rights or duties to another начать обучение
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начать обучение
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where proof of liability must be shown to be more likely than not начать обучение
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law regarding a legal procedure for the settling of debts of individuals or businesses unable to pay what they owe; all their property is surrendered to a court-appointed official who liquidates the property to pay the claims of creditors начать обучение
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/UK/ lawyer admitted to plead at the bar and in superior courts; a member of one of the Inns of Court начать обучение
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group of individuals elected by shareholders to make the major decisions of the company начать обучение
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organisation or entity /active inernationally/ начать обучение
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failure to perform a contractual obligation or inference with another party's performance which incurs a right for the other party to claim damages начать обучение
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party violating the terms of the contract начать обучение
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requirement of presenting enough evidence to support a claim начать обучение
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unlawful entering of a building with the intent to commit a crime начать обучение
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legally recognised organisational structure designed to provide and sell goods and services; basically, three separate categories of entites exist: sole proprietorships, partnerships, limited liability companies /US - corporations/ начать обучение
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field concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper /or owner/ of goods, the carrier, and the receiver/consignee of goods начать обучение
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document issued by a governmental authority granting a company status of a legal entity начать обучение
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certificate of incorporation
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to make a formal accusation of a crime начать обучение
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international agreement granting certain rights to an international body by the signatory nations of such agreement начать обучение
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personal property /excluding freeholds/ начать обучение
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any case concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies начать обучение
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set of laws in written formulation used in civil-law systems developed from Roman law and used in many European countries начать обучение
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1. legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation; 2. area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters, rights and remedies начать обучение
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injury or damage that is not the result of a crime начать обучение
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person who brings civil action начать обучение
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/UK/ - claimant; /US/ - plaintiff
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paragraph or section of a contract начать обучение
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body of law governing the relations between persons engaged in business начать обучение
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dealing and acts or carrying out of commercial functions including procedures of creation, transformation, agreements and exchanges, in conducting and negotiationg business and econominc activities начать обучение
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body of law formed through judicial/court decisions, as opposed to law formed through statutes or written legislation /also case law, judge-made law/ начать обучение
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alternative to prison, a criminal entence that requires the offender to do unpaid work in the community начать обучение
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/UK/ institution created to conduct business, usually an association of persons /US - corporation/; it exists as a separate legal entity from the owners /who are called shareholders/; in common usage, it is sometimes used just to refer to a business начать обучение
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process of registering a company; companies can be created by individuals, agents, attorneys or accountants; the majority of companies formed in the UK and the USA today are formed electronically начать обучение
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body of law related to forming, registering, governing and dissolving companies начать обучение
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study of the differences, similiarities and interrelationships between different legal systems начать обучение
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payment for performance of work or for loss sustained начать обучение
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as a result of a lawsuit, the award of an amount of money to the injured party in an amount equivalent to the financial value of his injury начать обучение
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body of law that regulates business activities and markets, especially agreements and practices that limit competition начать обучение
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/UK - competition law/ /US - antitrust law/
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something of vaule given by one party to another in order to induce the other to contract; in common law, consideration is a necessary element for an enforceable contract начать обучение
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documents which define the existence of a legal entity and regulate the structure and control of the entity and its members; the exact form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity начать обучение
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body of law which includes legislation based on the constitution, that is the fundamental law of a nation, as well as judicial decisions which interpret and apply the constitution начать обучение
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struggle of effort, causing, involving, or characterised by argument or controversy peraining to causes between opposing parties; it commonly involves the consequences of breach of contract and also maybe be known as litigation начать обучение
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written agreement between states of nations governed by international laws, e.g. the Bern Convention with respect to the protection of copyrights начать обучение
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convention /international/
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transfer of property rights in land from one person to another; instrument used to transfer title to property начать обучение
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finding of guilt in a criminal case начать обучение
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punishment inflicted on the body, such as whipping начать обучение
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lawyer representing a party in a legal matter, any person conducting a matter in court начать обучение
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new offer with new terms made as a reply to an offer received начать обучение
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place where cases are heard and justice administered; the judges and all other officers and jury are also referred to as the court начать обучение
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person or company who is owed a financial obligation начать обучение
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a violation of public law which is subject to punishment such as imprisonment or fine начать обучение
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area of law that deals with crime, punishment or penalties /also penal law/ начать обучение
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long-established practice recognised as having the force of law начать обучение
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international law that has not been made manifest or ratified, but is based primarily on natural law and is recognised by the International Court of Justice and the member nations of UN начать обучение
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customary international law
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group of nations or tariff areas created to remove customs barriers between them and to agree to a common tariff policy in realtion to non-member nations начать обучение
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money awarded by a court in compensation for loss or injury начать обучение
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law in regards to financial obligations and legal interactions where one party is unable to pay a monetary debt to another; it may include insolvency, bankruptcy, foreclosures and repossessions начать обучение
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a written instrument transferring ownership in property начать обучение
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person against whom an action is brought in court начать обучение
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defendant /also respondent/
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period before trial when formal procedures are used to obtain relevant information from the other party/parties начать обучение
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disposing of, parting with or otherwise giving up of property; transferring care or possession начать обучение
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начать обучение
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начать обучение
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persons including companies or agencies involved in disagreement начать обучение
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body of law governing the relationship between employers and employees, including the right to organise in unions начать обучение
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to make effective; in the case of an agreement, it is where one party legally compels performance by the other party начать обучение
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legally compelling performance by the other party начать обучение
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carrying out of judicial mandates, usually orders начать обучение
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enforcement of judgements
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legal principles applied to achieve fairness where the strict rules of law would be too harsh начать обучение
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provisions required for a contract to exist начать обучение
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estate granted only for the life of someone other than the grantee начать обучение
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sole use and benefit of a property начать обучение
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death penalty, capital punishment начать обучение
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body of law related to family relationships especially divorce начать обучение
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whole interest in a piece of real property; the broadest interest in property allowed by common law начать обучение
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estate which lasts as long as the original grantee or any of his descendants live начать обучение
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grave crime punishable by a harsher sentence than misdemeanour, which is a less serious crime начать обучение
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to deliver a document to the custody or records of a court or proper authorities for the purpose of being kept as a matter of record and reference начать обучение
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act of bringing a contract into existence начать обучение
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international agreement that provides astandards and guidelines for signatory nations to implement on a national level, e.g. the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change начать обучение
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the act of misleading someone so as to entice them to enter into an agreement начать обучение
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fraudulent misrepresentation /fraud in the inducement/
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is not determined начать обучение
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a dispute in court that has little chance of success as it lacks merit in law and/or fact начать обучение
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a financial loss which can be reasonably expected to occur in the future начать обучение
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the process of moving towards a more interconnected world начать обучение
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department, authority, administration of government created by legislation начать обучение
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party who receives title to real property /e.g. the buyer/ начать обучение
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party who transfers /grants/ title to real property /e.g. the seller/ начать обучение
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amount of proof needed to convict a defendant of a crime начать обучение
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guilty beyond a reasonable doubt
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process of nations adopting laws which are similar to or the same as other nations начать обучение
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harmonisation /unification/
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formal proceeding before any body having decision-making powers or authority начать обучение
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person who inherits or is entitled to inherit property on the death of another начать обучение
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body of law relating to the rights of tenants and homeowners, and the financing of housing начать обучение
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third party appointed to decide a dispute начать обучение
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being confined in jail or prison начать обучение
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imprisonment /also incarceration/
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property which can be transferred upon death to a person designated as heir начать обучение
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official order from a court for a person to do or stop doing something начать обучение
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person whose legally protected interests have been harmed начать обучение
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use of confidential, price-sensitive information when trading in stocks and other securities начать обучение
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insider dealing /US - insider trading/
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written formal legal document начать обучение
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law of property that protects legal rights associated with products of the mind, creativity or thought like copyrights, patents and trademarks начать обучение
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intellectual property law
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non-criminal, non-contractual injury in which the person who caused it intended to cause injury начать обучение
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tort of intentionally causing a breach of a valid contract начать обучение
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interference in contractual relations
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international institutions established by governments as opposed to organisations established privately and acting internationally начать обучение
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intergovernmental organisations
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arbitration of disputes between parties to international commercial contracts начать обучение
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international arbitration
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public official who hears and decides cases in court начать обучение
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territory or district in which a court has authority to hear cases начать обучение
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science or philosophy of law, study of legal systems and a collective term used for the body of case law начать обучение
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group of people selected to come to a verdict on questions of fact based on evidence presented in court начать обучение
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body of law relating to the ownership of real estate, that is land and the buildings on it начать обучение
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includes both contract and property law, and governs the commercial and residential property rights and obligations of an owner and renter of a real property interestfor a given period of time, usually determined by lease начать обучение
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person who owns property and either rents it or leases it to another for money начать обучение
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facility offering free or discounted legal assistance, often run by law students under supervision of lawyers начать обучение
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company formed by lawyers to engage in the practice of law начать обучение
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law firm /also law practice/
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action or proceeding brought in court начать обучение
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contract for which the use and occupation of a property is conveyed to another, usually in exchange for a sum of money /rent/ начать обучение
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property whose duration of ownership or occupation is fixed or capable of being fixed начать обучение
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advice and representation in legal matters начать обучение
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broad system of rules on which to make decisions начать обучение
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artificial entity created by law and given legal rights and duties, for example a corporation начать обучение
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selected body of people, usually elected, invested with the responsibility and power to make and repeal laws for a political unit, such as a state or nation начать обучение
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начать обучение
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to be legally responsible начать обучение
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a right to use property for a purpose without conferring ownership or possession; such right can be taken away at the will of the one granting the right начать обучение
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person to whom the right to use property for a particular purpose is granted начать обучение
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estate granted only for the life of the grantee начать обучение
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limitation of an owner/investor's financial losses or responsibility, usually limited to the value of person's investment in a company or partnership with limited liability начать обучение
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dispute brought before a court for determination or solution начать обучение
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to lose one's ability to make a living начать обучение
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loss of earnings capacity
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method of resolving disputes where the parties are actively involved in the decision-making process начать обучение
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legal document that sets out the important elements of the corporation, including its name, address, objects and powers; it is one of the two fundamental documents upon which registration of a company is based начать обучение
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memorandum of association /US - articles of incorporation/
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criminal intent - compare to actus reus, the criminal act) начать обучение
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institution which deals with the supply of credit information about business organisations to other businesses and financial institutions начать обучение
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petty offence, a crime less serious than a felony начать обучение
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misdemeanour /US - misdemeanor/
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statement that is false, misleading or contains a mistake начать обучение
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privilege granted by the government /e.g. patent/ to a person or entity to exclude all others from using, producing or selling a certain invention начать обучение
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transfer of legal title of a property, often land, to another as security for payment of a debt начать обучение
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independent state in which the majority of the citizens share the same cultural heritage and, particulary, the same language начать обучение
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failure to be as careful as the law demands начать обучение
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unintended injury caused by lack of care or failure to act, in contrast to an intentional tort начать обучение
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written and signed documents which represent an intangible right of payment for a specified sum of money on demand or at a defined time; some examples are bills of exchange, promissory notes, bank cheques or certificates of deposit начать обучение
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negotiable instruments /US - commercial paper/
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process in which parties who are considering forming a contract discuss and settle on the terms and conditions of the contract начать обучение
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party to a contract who has suffered a breach by the breaching party начать обучение
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work that largely involves advising clients and is not between contending parties, such as the drafting of contracts начать обучение
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commonly accepted standard of behaviour or manner of doing things начать обучение
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court's finding acquittal, finding that the defendant is legally blameless начать обучение
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duties that a party has as a result of the terms and conditions of the contract начать обучение
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начать обучение
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person who commits a crime начать обучение
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unwritten, binding agreement начать обучение
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direction or command by an authorised person or body начать обучение
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like framework convention, but used generally in the EU context начать обучение
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physical, mental and emotional distress or trauma for which compensation is given in a tort case начать обучение
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early release from prison after serving part of the sentence, usually under supervision and upon certain conditions начать обучение
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business organisation in which two or more people agree to do business together, sharing the profits and losses of the business together начать обучение
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person taking part in a business or transaction, person involved in a suit or dispute resolution proceedings начать обучение
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grant from the government giving exclusive rights to an inventor to make, use or sell an invention for a specified period of time начать обучение
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things that are movable /as opposed to real property/ and capable of being owned начать обучение
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personal property /also chattels in common law/
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sometimes called an artificial person or legal entity/person; it is legal fiction of identity in law which allows natural persons to act as if they were a single composite individual for certain purposes such as creating a business entity or structure начать обучение
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stealing something of low value /in some jurisdictions less than $400/, in contrast to grand theft where the value of the stolen goods is greater начать обучение
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formal written statements setting out the cause of action or defence in case начать обучение
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standard of proof in civil cases requiring that one side's case must be more probable than not начать обучение
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preponderance of the evidence
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work carried out before the matter proceeds to trial before a court начать обучение
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body of law dealing with disputes between private persons living in different jurisdictions and governing such things as applicable law, jurisdictions and enforcement of judgements начать обучение
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private international law /also conflict of laws/
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body of law that is concerned with the aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state and in which the government is not directly concerned; it includes the law of property and of trusts, family law, etc. начать обучение
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sentence which allows the convicted offender to be released into the community under supervision instead of going to prison начать обучение
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formal process including the steps taken in action or dispute начать обучение
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share, claim, title or right in property начать обучение
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начать обучение
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bringing a criminal case before a court начать обучение
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lawyer who brings criminal cases on behalf of the state начать обучение
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performing a sexual act in exchange for money начать обучение
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body of laws governing relationships between states or nations начать обучение
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body of law that deals with the relationship between the state and individuals; examples may include constitutional law, criminal law, tax law and administrative law начать обучение
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behaviour that is criminalised because it is not compatible with society's shared values; there is usually no direct victim but the community, as a whole, suffers; e.g. drug crimes, public drunkenness and gambling начать обучение
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business structure which is permitted to offer its shares for sale to the general public and traded on a public stock exchange начать обучение
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compensation designed to punish the breaching party for conduct found to be reprehensible; e.g. fraud начать обучение
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punitive damages /also exemplary damages/
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unlawful sexual intercourse commited by force or threat or otherwise without consent начать обучение
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to adopt, approve and sanction; to make valid; to establish; to settle to affirm by express or implied consent to something done by an agent or servant; as, to ratify an agreement, treaty or contract; to ratify a nomination начать обучение
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land and anything attached to it начать обучение
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land, including anything attached to it начать обучение
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law associated with the obligations, use and rights of ownership of land or whatever is growing on it or built on it начать обучение
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cost of medical care for injuries caused by a tort for which compensation is given in a tort case начать обучение
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reasonable medical expenses
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act of regulating by a rule of conduct or order usually issued by a government agency or established authority having the force of law начать обучение
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official responsible for the control and supervision of a particular activity or area of public interest, who ensures compliance with laws and established rules and regulations начать обучение
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actions by a party showing that he or she expected another party to act in a certain way начать обучение
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granting of a remedy by a court /e.g. damages, injunciton, return of property etc./ начать обучение
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systems of legal rules based on realigious teachings начать обучение
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religious /or theological/ legal systems
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to enforce a right, cure a wrong or compensate an injury начать обучение
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payment made to a landlord or landlady for the use of property начать обучение
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right to specific use of property that is less than a full right of ownership начать обучение
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interests that are recognised and protected by law начать обучение
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loans or credit transactions in which the lender acquires a security interest in certain property owned by the borrower and has the right to repossess the property if the borrower cannot pay начать обучение
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investment instruments like stocks or bonds начать обучение
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to impose a certain punishment начать обучение
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1. agreement reached between the parties to a dispute resolving the dispute; 2. the amount granted or paid under such an agreement начать обучение
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owners of a share of a company/corporation through a proportionate ownership interest of stock or equity начать обучение
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those who invest money in a business entity and receive shares in return representing a proportional ownership начать обучение
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used to refer to the system of legal rules used in socialist countries начать обучение
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socialist law /also Soviet law/
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lawyer who practises on his/her own начать обучение
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single person who earns all the profits and is personally liable for all the debts or losses of the business structure начать обучение
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/UK/ lawyer who is qulified to give legal advice and prepare legal documents начать обучение
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when a court orders the breaching party to perform its part of a contract начать обучение
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amount of evidence needed in a certain type of case, for example in criminal case it is proof beyond a reasonable doubt, in civil cases it is a preponderance of the evidence начать обучение
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piece of legislation which declares that certain kinds of contract, for example those regarding land, pending marriage and the sale of goods worth over a certain amount of money, will be invalid unless put into writing and signed by both parties; начать обучение
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Statute of Frauds (enacted in England in 1677, serves as a basis for the US statutes)
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standardised documents of basic corporate constitution requirements, which a company may adopt in the creation of a company начать обучение
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statutory forms /statute/
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crime that does not require intent to break the law; among these crimes are parking violations and acts that endanger public welfare, like dumping of toxic wastes начать обучение
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where liability is imposed for damages caused regardless of fault or intent; that means the victim does not need to prove negligence; it is common in cases regarding defectively manufactured products начать обучение
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body of law defining rights, duties and obligations and all matters that are not procedural начать обучение
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to start civil proceedings in a court начать обучение
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international law dealing with the constraint on the rights of states or nations in relation to each other начать обучение
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law regulating rates or sums of money which may be assessed on personal and business income, real property vaules, and commercial transactions paid for the financial support of a government начать обучение
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person who has a right to hold or possess property usually in return for the payment of rent начать обучение
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person who is not party to an agreement or an action but who may have an interest in it начать обучение
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third party /third-party beneficiary/
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right to control or dispense of property or the right to ownership in property начать обучение
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any wrongdoing that results in an injury, other than breach of contract for which the court will give damages начать обучение
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person who commits a tort начать обучение
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wrongful acts in the nature of a tort начать обучение
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treaty or enforceable arrangement between two nations or multi-nations committing them to specified terms of commerce, usually involving mutually beneficial concessions including eliminating trade barriers начать обучение
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unlawful invasion of the person, property or rights of another начать обучение
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legal examination in court of a dispute between parties начать обучение
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acts by businesses against consumers which are misleading or fraudulent начать обучение
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unfair business practices
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law which has become the same or similar in different nations начать обучение
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injured party or the person was the object of a crime or tort начать обучение
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non-violent offences usually committed by business people or government officials, typically property crimes and economic crimes; also includes bribery, environmental law violations and money laundering, among many others начать обучение
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white-collar crime /business/corporate crime/
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