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derail /dɪˈreɪl; US / verb [transitive] to cause a train to come off a railway track ▶ wykolejać
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1 (Brit.) a sports competition between teams from the same area or town a local deby between the two North London sides ▶ lokalne zawody sportowe 2 a race or sports competition a motorcycle derby ▶ zawody sportowe
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□ deregulation /ˌdi:ˌreɡjuˈleɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ zniesienie kontroli liberalizacja —deregulatory /ˌdi:ˈreɡjələtəri; US -tɔ: ri / adj. [only before a noun] deregulatory reforms ▶ liberalizacyjny deregulate /ˌdi:ˈreɡjuleɪt; US / verb [transitive, often passive] to free a trade, a business activity, etc. from rules and controls deregulated financial markets ▶ znosić kontrolę liberalizować uwalniać (np. ceny)
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2[intransitive, transitive] (used about a name or word) to come from sth; to have sth as its origin ‘ Mutton’ derives from the French word ‘ mouton’. The town derives its name from the river on which it was built. ▶ wywodzić się od/z czegoś 1 [transitive] (formal) derive sth from sth to get sth (especially a feeling or an advantage) from sth I derive great satisfaction from my work. ▶ czerpać znajdować w czymś (np. przyjemność)
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dermatologist /ˌdɜ: məˈtɒlədʒɪst; US / noun [countable] a doctor who studies and treats skin diseases ▶ dermatolog
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descend /dɪˈsend; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] (formal) to go down to a lower place; to go down sth The plane started to descend and a few minutes later we landed. She descended the stairs slowly. ▶ obniżać się schodzić
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descendant /dɪˈsendənt; US / noun [countable] a person who belongs to the same family as sb who lived a long time ago Her family are descendants of one of the first Englishmen to arrive in America. ▶ potomek ⇨ look at ancestor
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1 [countable] a movement down to a lower place The pilot informed us that we were about to begin our descent. ▶ obniżenie (lotu) zejście OPPOSITE ascent 2[uncountable] a person’s family origins He is of Italian descent. ▶ pochodzenie
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She described what had happened to the reporter. The thief was described as tall, thin, and aged about twenty. Would you describe yourself as confident? ▶ opisywać describe sb/sth (to/for sb); describe sb/sth (as sth) to say what sb/sth is like, or what happened Can you describe the bag you lost? It’s impossible to describe how I felt.
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2[countable] a type or kind of sth It must be a tool of some description (jakieś narzędzie), but I don’t know what it’s for. ▶ rodzaj 1[countable, uncountable] a picture in words of sb/sth or of sth that happened The man gave the police a detailed description of the burglar. Her description of the events that evening was most amusing. ▶ opis opisywanie
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descriptive /dɪˈskrɪptɪv; US / adj. that describes sb/sth, especially in a skilful or interesting way a piece of descriptive writing She gave a highly descriptive account of the journey. ▶ opisowy szczegółowy
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□ desecration /ˌdesɪˈkreɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] the desecration of a cemetery ▶ (z)bezczeszczenie desecrate /ˈdesɪkreɪt; US / verb [transitive] to damage a thing or place of religious importance or to treat it without respect desecrated graves ▶ bezcześcić
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desert1 /ˈdezət; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a large area of land, usually covered with sand, that is hot and has very little water and very few plants the Gobi Desert ▶ pustynia
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2[intransitive, transitive] (used especially about sb in the armed forces) to leave without permission He deserted because he didn’t want to fight. ▶ dezerterować □ desertion /; US / noun [countable, uncountable] ▶ porzucenie dezercja opuszczenie 1 [transitive] to leave sb/sth, usually for ever He deserted his wife and went to live with another woman. Many people have deserted the countryside and moved to the towns. ▶ opuszczać
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deserted /dɪˈzɜ: tɪd; US / adj. empty, because all the people have left a deserted house deserted streets ▶ opuszczony
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deserter /dɪˈzɜ: tə(r); US / noun [countable] a person who leaves the armed forces without permission ▶ dezerter/ka zbieg
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ˌdesert ˈisland noun [countable] an island, especially a tropical one, where nobody lives ▶ bezludna wyspa
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deserve /dɪˈzɜ: v; US / verb [transitive] [not used in the continuous tenses] to earn sth, either good or bad, because of sth that you have done We’ve done a lot of work and we deserve a break. He deserves to be punished severely for such a crime.
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desiccated /ˈdesɪkeɪtɪd; US / adj. 1 (used about food) dried in order to preserve it desiccated coconut ▶ suszony 2 completely dry treeless and desiccated soil ▶ wysuszony przesuszony zasuszony
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2[uncoun] to study industrial design graphic design grafika ▶ projektowanie 3[countable] a design (for sth) a drawing or plan that shows how sth should be made, built, etc. The architect showed us her design for the new theatre. ▶ projekt czegoś UNCOUN, the way in which sth is planned and made or arranged Design faults (błędy konstrukcyjne) have been discovered in the car. the design of the garden ▶ konstrukcja projektowanie
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2[transitive] to invent, plan and develop sth for a particular purpose I designed a scheme for increasing profits. The bridge wasn’t designed for such heavy traffic. ▶ projektować planować 1[intransitive, transitive] to plan and make a drawing of how sth will be made to design cars/dresses/houses She designs the interiors of shops. ▶ projektować szkicować
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2designate sb (as) sth to choose sb to do a particular job or task Who has she designated (as) her deputy? ▶ mianować wyznaczyć (kogoś na stanowisko) 3 to show or mark sth These arrows designate the emergency exits. ▶ wskazywać 1designate sth (as) sth to give sth a name to show that it has a particular purpose This has been designated (as) a conservation area. ▶ przeznaczać
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designer /dɪˈzaɪnə(r); US / noun [countable] a person whose job is to make drawings or plans showing how sth will be made a fashion designer designer jeans dżinsy znanej marki I’ve just sent the text to the designer (do grafika). ▶ projektant/ka
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1 wanted, often by many people; worth having a desirable area Experience is desirable but not essential for this job. ▶ pożądany mile widziany
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2 the wish for a sexual relationship with sb She felt a surge of love and desire for him. ▶ pożądanie desire1 /dɪˈzaɪə(r); US / noun [countable, uncountable] (a) desire (for sth/to do sth) 1 the feeling of wanting sth very much; a strong wish the desire for a peaceful solution to the crisis I have no desire to visit that place again. ▶ pragnienie
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2 to find sb/sth sexually attractive He still desired her. ▶ pożądać desire2 /dɪˈzaɪə(r); US / verb [transitive] 1[not used in the continuous tenses] (formal) to want; to wish for They have everything they could possibly desire. The service in the restaurant left a lot to be desired. pragnąć
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2 a table or place in a building where a particular service is provided an information desk informacja Take your suitcases and tickets to the check-in desk (do stanowiska odprawy). ▶ dział sekcja 1 a type of table, often with drawers, that you sit at to write or work The pupils took their books out of their desks. He used to be a pilot but now he has a desk job (pracę biurową). ▶ biurko
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1 the top of a desk ▶ blat biurka 2 a computer screen on which you can see icons showing the programs, information, etc. that are available to be used ▶ (ekran monitora) pulpit
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ˌdesktop comˈputer (also desktop) noun [countable] a computer with a keyboard, screen and main processing unit, that fits on a desk ▶ komputer stacjonarny komputer typu desktop
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desolation /ˌdesəˈleɪʃn/ [uncoun] 1 the state of being empty because all the people have left a scene of desolation. spustoszenie, pustkowie 2 the feeling of being lonely and without hope He felt utter desolation when his wife died. pustka, strapienie 1 (used about a place) empty in a way that seems very sad desolate wasteland ▶ opustoszały wyludniony 2 (used about a person) lonely, very unhappy and without hope ▶ opuszczony załamany zdesperowany
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despair1 /dɪˈspeə(r); US / noun [uncountable] the state of having lost all hope I felt like giving up in despair. Despair drove him to attempt suicide. ▶ rozpacz □ despairing /; US / adj. a despairing cry ▶ zrozpaczony rozpaczliwy
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despair2 /dɪˈspeə(r); US / verb [intransitive] despair (of sb/sth) to lose all hope that sth will happen Don’t despair. Keep trying and I’m sure you’ll get it right. We began to despair of ever finding somewhere to live. ▶ rozpaczać tracić nadzieję
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2 done with little hope of success, as a last thing to try when everything else has failed I made a desperate attempt to persuade her to change her mind. ▶ rozpaczliwy 1 out of control and ready to do anything to change the situation you are in because it is so terrible She became desperate when her money ran out. I only took this job because I was desperate. ▶ zrozpaczony doprowadzony do rozpaczy
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□ desperately /; US / adv. She was desperately unlucky not to win. ▶ potwornie beznadziejnie —desperation /ˌdespəˈreɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] She felt she wanted to scream in desperation. ▶ rozpacz desperacja
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despise /dɪˈspaɪz; US / verb [transitive] to hate sb/sth very much I despise him for lying to me. ▶ gardzić
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despite /dɪˈspaɪt; US / prep. without being affected by the thing mentioned Despite having very little money, they enjoy life. The scheme went ahead despite public opposition. ▶ pomimo wbrew SYNONYM in spite of
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□ despondency /dɪˈspɒndənsi; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ zniechęcenie zwątpienie przygnębienie despondent /dɪˈspɒndənt; US / adj. despondent (about/over sth) without hope; expecting no improvement She was becoming increasingly despondent about finding a job. ▶ zniechęcony przygnębiony przybity
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despot /ˈdespɒt; US / noun [countable] a ruler with great power, especially one who uses it in a cruel way ▶ despot(k)a □ despotic /dɪˈspɒtɪk; US / adj. despotic power/rule ▶ despotyczny
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dessert /dɪˈzɜ: t; US / noun [countable, uncountable] something sweet that is eaten after the main part of a meal What would you like for dessert – ice cream or fresh fruit? ▶ deser ⇨ note at restaurant ⇨ look at pudding, sweet
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dessertspoon /dɪˈzɜ: tspu: n; US / noun [countable] a spoon used for eating sweet food after the main part of a meal ▶ łyżeczka deserowa
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destabilize (also destabilise) /ˌdi:ˈsteɪbəlaɪz; US / verb [transitive] to make a system, government, country, etc. become less safe and successful Terrorist attacks were threatening to destabilize the government. ▶ destabilizować
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destination /ˌdestɪˈneɪʃn; US / noun [countable] the place where sb/sth is going I finally reached my destination two hours late. popular holiday destinations like the Bahamas ▶ cel podróży miejsce przeznaczenia
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2destined for... travelling towards a particular place I boarded a bus destined for New York. ▶ jadący dokądś w drodze do 1 destined for sth/to do sth having a future that has been decided or planned at an earlier time I think she is destined for success. He was destined (było mu pisane, że) to become one of the country’s leading politicians. ▶ przeznaczony
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2[uncountable] a power that people believe controls their lives ▶ przeznaczenie los 1[countable] the things that happen to you in your life, especially things that you cannot control She felt that it was her destiny to be a great singer. The destiny of the country lies in the hands of the people. ▶ przeznaczenie los
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2 to kill an animal, especially because it is injured or dangerous The horse broke its leg and had to be destroyed. ▶ dobijać zabijać 1 to damage sth so badly that it can no longer be used or no longer exists The building was destroyed by fire. The defeat destroyed his confidence. ▶ niszczyć ⇨ look at damage
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destroyer /dɪˈstrɔɪə(r); US / noun [countable] 1 a small ship that is used in war ▶ niszczyciel (okręt) 2 a person or thing that destroys sth ▶ niszczyciel/ka
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destruction /dɪˈstrʌkʃn; US / noun [uncountable] the act of destroying sth The war brought death and destruction to the city. the destruction of the rainforests ▶ zniszczenie ruina
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destructive /dɪˈstrʌktɪv; US / adj. causing a lot of harm or damage destructive weapons the destructive effects of drink and drugs ▶ niszczycielski niszczący destrukcyjny
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detach /dɪˈtætʃ; US / verb [transitive] detach sth (from sth) to separate sth from sth it is connected to Detach the form at the bottom of the page and send it to this address... ▶ odrywać odłączać OPPOSITE attach
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detachable /dɪˈtætʃəbl; US / adj. that can be separated from sth it is connected to a coat with a detachable hood ▶ taki, który można oddzielić/odczepić od czegoś
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detached /dɪˈtætʃt; US / adj. 1 (used about a house) not joined to any other house ▶ (dom) wolno stojący 2 not being or not feeling personally involved in sth; without emotion ▶ oderwany obojętny
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For full details of (pełne informacje dotyczące) the offer, contact your local travel agent. The work involves close attention to detail (zadbania o szczegóły). ▶ szczegół □ detailed /; US / adj. a detailed description ▶ szczegółowy one fact or piece of information Just give me the basic facts. Don’t worry about the details. On the application form you should give details of (podać szczegółowe informacje dotyczące) your education and experience.
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verb [transitive] to give a full list of sth; to describe sth completely He detailed all the equipment he needed for the job. ▶ wyszczególniać podawać szczegóły
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detain /dɪˈteɪn; US / verb [transitive] to stop sb from leaving a place; to delay sb A man has been detained by the police for questioning. Don’t let me detain you if you’re busy. ▶ zatrzymywać przetrzymywać (w areszcie) ⇨ noun detention
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□ detection /; US / noun [uncountable] The crime escaped detection (nie było wykryte) for many years. ▶ wykrycie wyśledzenie detect /dɪˈtekt; US / verb [transitive] to notice or discover sth that is difficult to see, feel, etc. I detected a slight change in his attitude. Traces of blood were detected on his clothes. ▶ dostrzegać wykrywać
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detective /dɪˈtektɪv; US / noun [countable] a person, especially a police officer, who tries to solve crimes ▶ detektyw
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detector /dɪˈtektə(r); US / noun [countable] a machine that is used for finding or noticing sth a smoke/metal/lie detector ▶ wykrywacz czujnik alarmowy
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2 the punishment of being kept at school after the other children have gone home ▶ zostanie po lekcjach ⇨ verb detain detention /dɪˈtenʃn;/ noun [uncoun., count,] 1 the act of stopping a person leaving a place, especially by keeping them in prison They were kept in detention for ten days. allegations of torture and detentions without trial ▶ zatrzymanie areszt
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2 a place where people are kept indetention, especially people who have entered a country illegally ▶ obóz (zwł. dla nielegalnych imigrantów) deˈtention centre (US deˈtention center) noun [countable] 1 a place where young people who have committed offences are kept indetention ▶ dom poprawczy poprawczak
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The council is trying to deter visitors from bringing their cars into the city centre. deter /dɪˈtɜ:(r); US / verb [transitive] (deterring; deterred) deter sb (from doing sth) to make sb decide not to do sth, especially by telling them that it would have bad results ▶ powstrzymywać odstraszać
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detergent /dɪˈtɜ: dʒənt; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a chemical liquid or powder that is used for cleaning things ▶ środek czyszczący detergent
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deteriorate /dɪˈtɪəriəreɪt/ verb [intransitive] to become worse The political tension is deteriorating into (przeradza się w) civil war. ▶ pogarszać się □ deterioration /dɪˌtɪəriəˈreɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] ▶ pogorszenie (się)
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2(formal) the process of deciding sth officially the determination of future government policy ▶ ustalenie określenie determination /dɪˌtɜ: mɪˈneɪʃn; US / noun [uncoun.] 1determination (to do sth) the quality of having firmly decided to do sth, even if it is very difficult her determination to win You need great determination to succeed in business. ▶ determinacja
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2 to make sth happen in a particular way or be of a particular type The results of the tests will determine what treatment you need. Age and experience will be determining factors in our choice of candidate. ▶ określać decydować ustalać determine /dɪˈtɜ: mɪn/ verb [transi] 1(formal) to discover the facts about sth A post-mortem examination was carried out to determine the cause of death. We need to determine what happened immediately before the accident. ▶ określać stwierdzać
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She’s a very determined athlete. determined /dɪˈtɜ: mɪnd; US / adj. determined (to do sth) having firmly decided to do sth or to succeed, even if it is difficult He is determined to leave school, even though his parents want him to stay. ▶ zdecydowany zdeterminowany
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□ deterrent adj. ▶ odstraszający zapobiegawczy deterrent /dɪˈterənt; US -ˈtɜ: r- / noun [countable] something that should stop you doing sth Their punishment will be a deterrent to others. the belief that nuclear weapons act as a deterrent ▶ środek odstraszający/zapobiegawczy ⇨ verb deter
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detonate /ˈdetəneɪt; US / verb [intransitive, transitive] to explode or to make a bomb, etc. explode ▶ wybuchać eksplodować detonować odpalać
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detonator /ˈdetəneɪtə(r); US / noun [countable] a device for making a bomb explode ▶ detonator
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detox /ˈdi: tɒks; US / noun [uncountable] (informal) the process of removing harmful substances from your body by only eating and drinking particular things ▶ odtruwanie (organizmu) detoks
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2 to reduce the value or importance of sth The refusal of the top players to take part devalues this competition. ▶ (przen.) dewaluować □ devaluation /ˌdi:ˌvæljuˈeɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] ▶ dewaluacja devalue /ˌdi:ˈvælju:; US / verb [transitive] 1 to reduce the value of the money of one country in relation to the value of the money of other countries The pound has been devalued against the dollar. ▶ dewaluować
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□ devastation /ˌdevəˈsteɪʃn; US / noun [uncountable] a scene of total devastation ▶ zniszczenie spustoszenie zdruzgotanie devastate /ˈdevəsteɪt; US / verb [transitive] 1 to destroy sth or damage it badly a land devastated by war ▶ niszczyć pustoszyć 2 to make sb extremely upset and shocked This tragedy has devastated the community. ▶ (przen.) druzgotać załamywać
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devastated /ˈdevəsteɪtɪd; US / adj. extremely shocked and upset They were devastated when their baby died. ▶ wstrząśnięty zrozpaczony zdewastowany
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2[transitive] to begin to have a problem or disease to develop cancer/AIDS The car developed engine trouble (silnik samochodu się popsuł) and we had to stop. ▶ zachorować (na coś) nabierać (przyzwyczajenia/nawyków) 1[intran, trans] to develop from a child into an adult Gradually their friendship developed into love. a scheme to help pupils develop their natural talents Scientists have developed a drug against this disease. ▶ rozwijać (się), przeradzać się w coś
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developed /dɪˈveləpt; US / adj. of a good level or standard a highly developed economy ▶ rozwinięty
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developing /dɪˈveləpɪŋ; US / adj. [only before a noun] (used about a poor country) that is trying to develop or improve its economy a developing country the developing world ▶ rozwijający się
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2[uncountable, countable] the process of creating sth more advanced; a more advanced product She works in research and development (w dziale badań i rozwoju) for a drug company. the latest developments in space technology ▶ rozwój postęp 1 [uncoun.] the process of becoming bigger, stronger, better, etc., or of making sb/sth do this the development of tourism in Cuba the history of Japan’s development from a feudal to an industrial society a child’s intellectual development ▶ rozwój
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deviant /ˈdi: viənt; US / adj. different from what most people consider to be normal and acceptable deviant behaviour/sexuality ▶ odbiegający od normy dewiacyjny □ deviant noun [countable] sexual deviants ▶ dewiant/ka
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deviate /ˈdi: vieɪt; US / verb [intransitive] deviate (from sth) to change or become different from what is normal or expected He never once deviated from his original plan. ▶ odchylać się zbaczać odbiegać (od normy)
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deviation /ˌdi: viˈeɪʃn; US / noun [countable, uncountable] a difference from what is normal or expected, or from what is approved of by society a deviation from our usual way of doing things sexual deviation ▶ odchylenie zboczenie
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2 a clever method for getting the result you want Critics dismissed the speech as a political device for winning support. ▶ wybieg wykręt device /dɪˈvaɪs; US / noun [countable] 1 a tool or piece of equipment made for a particular purpose a security device which detects any movement labour-saving devices such as washing machines and vacuum cleaners ▶ przyrząd urządzenie ⇨ note at tool
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1 (the Devil) the most powerful evil being, according to the Christian, Jewish and Muslim religions ▶ szatan diabeł ⇨ look at Satan 2 an evil being; a spirit ▶ diabeł czort bies
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ˌdevil’s ˈadvocate [count] a person who expresses an opinion that they do not really hold in order to encourage a discussion about a subject Often the interviewer will need to play devil’s advocate in order to get a discussion going. ▶ adwokat diabła
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devious /ˈdi: viəs; US / adj. clever but not honest or direct I wouldn’t trust him – he can be very devious. a devious trick/plan ▶ przebiegły podstępny □ deviously /; US / adv. ▶ przebiegle chytrze
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devise /dɪˈvaɪz; US / verb [transitive] to invent a new way of doing sth They’ve devised a plan for keeping traffic out of the city centre. ▶ wymyślać wynajdować obmyślać
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devolution /ˌdi: vəˈlu:ʃn; US ˌdev- / noun [uncountable] the movement of political power from central to local government ▶ przekazanie władzy (samorządom lokalnym)
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devolve sth to/on/upon sb to give a duty, responsibility, power, etc. to sb who has less authority than you The central government devolved most tax-raising powers to the regional authorities. ▶ przekazywać coś komuś devolve on/upon sb/sth (formal) 1 if property, money, etc. devolves on/upon you, you receive it after sb else dies ▶ przechodzić na kogoś/coś 2 if a duty, responsibility, etc. devolves on/upon you, it is given to you ▶ przypadać na kogoś/coś
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devote /dɪˈvəʊt; US / verb [transitive] devote yourself/sth to sb/sth to give a lot of time, energy, etc. to sb/sth Schools should devote more time to science subjects. She gave up work to devote herself full-time to her music. ▶ poświęcać (się)
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devoted /dɪˈvəʊtɪd; US / adj. devoted (to sb/sth) loving sb/sth very much; completely loyal to sb/sth Neil’s absolutely devoted to his wife. a devoted friend/fan ▶ oddany
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2 the act of giving a lot of your time, energy, etc. to sb/sth devotion to duty ▶ poświęcenie (się) przywiązanie SYNONYM dedication 3 very strong religious feeling ▶ pobożność devotion /dɪˈvəʊʃn; US / noun [uncountable] devotion (to sb/sth) 1 great love for sb/sth a mother’s devotion to her children ▶ oddanie przywiązanie SYNONYM dedication
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devour /dɪˈvaʊə(r); US / verb [transitive] 1 to eat sth quickly because you are very hungry ▶ pożerać pochłaniać 2 to do or use sth quickly and completely Lisa devours two or three novels a week. ▶ pochłaniać
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dew /dju:; US du: / noun [uncountable] small drops of water that form on plants, leaves, etc. during the night ▶ rosa
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dexterity /dekˈsterəti; US / noun [uncountable] skill at doing things, especially with your hands ▶ zręczność zwinność
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diabetes /ˌdaɪəˈbi: ti: z; US / noun [uncountable] a serious disease in which sb’s body cannot control the level of sugar in the blood ▶ cukrzyca
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diabetic1 /ˌdaɪəˈbetɪk; US / adj. connected with diabetes or diabetics diabetic chocolate ▶ cukrzycowy dla cukrzyków
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diabetic2 /ˌdaɪəˈbetɪk; US / noun [countable] a person who suffers from diabetes ▶ cukrzyk diabety-k/czka
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I’ve been diagnosed as (a) diabetic/with diabetes. After a couple of minutes I diagnosed the trouble – a flat battery. ▶ stawiać diagnozę rozpoznawać (chorobę) diagnose /ˈdaɪəɡnəʊz; -ˈnəʊz; US -ˈnəʊs / verb [transitive] diagnose sth (as sth); diagnose sb as/with sth to find out and say exactly what illness a person has or what the cause of a problem is His illness was diagnosed as bronchitis.
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diagnosis /ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs; US / noun [countable, uncountable] (pl. diagnoses /-si: z; US /) the act of saying exactly what illness a person has or what the cause of a problem is to make a diagnosis ▶ diagnoza rozpoznanie (np. choroby, sytuacji)
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diagnostic /ˌdaɪəɡˈnɒstɪk; US / adj. (technical) connected with identifying sth, especially an illness to carry out diagnostic tests ▶ diagnostyczny
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2 (used about a straight line) not vertical or horizontal; sloping ▶ ukośny □ diagonally /-nəli; US / adv. I was sitting diagonally opposite to Diane at the table. ▶ po przekątnej diagonal /daɪˈæɡənl; US / adj. 1 (used about a straight line) joining two sides of sth at an angle that is not 90° or vertical or horizontal Draw a diagonal line from one corner of the square to the opposite corner. ▶ przekątny
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diagram /ˈdaɪəɡræm; US / noun [countable] ⇨ POSŁUCHAJ NAGRAŃ PRZYKŁADÓW a simple picture that is used to explain how sth works or what sth looks like a diagram of the body’s digestive system ▶ wykres diagram rysunek
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