kolokwium nr 2

neologism

new word

etymology

the study of the origin and history of the word

borrowings (when one language takes words from another)

the most borrowing comes from: latin, german, greek, french

loan transaltions/calque

there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language

compounding

joing of 2 separate word to create 1/ bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint

blending

the combination of 2 separate words to produce a single form/ we typically have the begging of one word and ending of the other

clipping

the element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent/ word of more than one syllable is reduce to the shorter one

hypocorism

a particular type of reduction/ a longer word is reduced to a singe syllable then y ot ie is added

backformation

usually a verb/ television created from word televise

coinage

the invention and general usage of new terms

eponyms

new words based on the names of people/places

acronyms

new word formed from initial latters of a set of other latters/ CD e.g.

derivation

create word by adding- suffixes, prefixes and infixes

morphology

the study of forms

morphemes

a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function

free morphemes

can stand by themselves as a single words- new, tour

bound morphemes

those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form

bound stems

we can identify the bound morpheme re- at the beginning, but the elements -ceive, -duce and -peat are not separate word forms and hence cannot be free morphemes.

Lexical morphemes

The first category is that set of ordinary nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs -> carry the “content” of the messages we convey.

functional morphemes.

words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns.

Inflectional morphemes

not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.

Grammar

- The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences

Active voice

-what is now being done

Grammatical gender

is based on the type of noun (masculine and feminine) and is not tied to sex.

The prescriptive approach

This view of grammar as a set of rules for the proper use of a language

The descriptive approach

Samples of the language used in an attempted to describe the regular structures of that language as it was used, not according to some view of how it should be used.

Structural analysis

investigate the distribution of forms in a language.

Constituent analysis

The technique employed in this approach is designed to show how small constituents (or components) go together to form larger constituents

syntax

if we write rules for the creation of well-formed structures, we must check that those rules, when applied logically, won’t also lead to ill-formed structures.

Syntax

if we write rules for the creation of well-formed structures, we must check that those rules, when applied logically, won’t also lead to ill-formed structures.

a generative grammar

small and finite (i.e. limited) set of rules that will be capable of producing a large and potentially infinite (i.e. unlimited) number of well-formed structures

Structural ambiguity

It has two distinct underlying interpretations that have to be represented differently in deep structure.

Lexical rules

that specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents such as PN

Movement rules

we move one part of the structure to a different position. This process is based on a movement rule.