→ Descriptive Grammar → Начать обучение / Скачать MP3 карточки

Вопрос		Ответ
nouns podzial начать обучение		proper, common count, not-count
no-count liczymy za pomoca начать обучение		classifiers
verbs podzial начать обучение		static dynamic
verbs podzial participants начать обучение		intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive, complex transitive
intransitive verbs начать обучение		one participant - john is running
monotransutive начать обучение		2 participants - mary knows the president
ditransitive начать обучение		3 participants- john gave mary the dollars
seem начать обучение		copular
appear начать обучение		copular
sound начать обучение		copular
turn начать обучение		copular
look начать обучение		copular
smell начать обучение		copular
taste начать обучение		copular
feel начать обучение		copular
get начать обучение		copukar
complex transitive verbs начать обучение		mary considers john an imposter
believe начать обучение		complex transit
consider начать обучение		complex transit
find начать обучение		complex transit
judge начать обучение		complex transit
keep начать обучение		comlex transit
think начать обучение		complex transit
know начать обучение		complex transit
presume начать обучение		complex teansit
presume начать обучение		complex transit
many начать обучение		det
all начать обучение		det
that начать обучение		sub
verbs podzial начать обучение		modal, non-modal auxiliary
following начать обучение		adj
podzial czasownikow начать обучение		lexical, modal, non-modal auxuliary
korygować начать обучение		revise
konczyc начать обучение		terminate
wytlumaczyc начать обучение		account for
at home начать обучение		wyrazenie przyimkowe
in time начать обучение		prepositional phrase
with me начать обучение		prepositional phrase
at home начать обучение		prepositional phrase
word classes ile начать обучение		8
words podzial начать обучение		content, function
concent words начать обучение		lexical morphemes
function words начать обучение		grammatical morphemes
noncount начать обучение		masscount
nouns podzial начать обучение		concrete, abstract, collective
several начать обучение		determiner
which начать обучение		determiner
whose начать обучение		determiner
degree words начать обучение		intensifiers -rather, very, so
Adjective rodzaje начать обучение		attributive, predicative
lexical verb начать обучение		main verb
paradigm начать обучение		set of all inflectional forms of the word
rodzaje przymiotnikow ze wzgledu na stopniowanie начать обучение		analytical, synthetic
determiners rola начать обучение		they determine the noun phrase
reference начать обучение		definite, indefinite
indefinite reference начать обучение		specific, unspecific
prepozirions podział начать обучение		spacial, temporal
coordinators начать обучение		join the elements of the same status
subordinator начать обучение		introduct clauses
subordinator начать обучение		introduct clauses
subordinator начать обучение		introduct clauses
clause начать обучение		full grammatical unit
too начать обучение		degree word
most начать обучение		degree word
need начать обучение		auxiliary
whatever начать обучение		determiner
lexicon начать обучение		the inventory of all the morphemes
aka начать обучение		also known as
word class начать обучение		lclass of expressions which share a common set of grammatical properties
distribution начать обучение		the environment in which the members of s class typically occur
losowy начать обучение		arbitrary
jednostka начать обучение		entity
zewnetrzny начать обучение		external
classifiers начать обучение		unit nouns
verbs odmiana начать обучение		six-term inflectional paradigm
fairly начать обучение		degree modifier
very начать обучение		degree modifier
three years начать обучение		measure phrase
predictive adjectives начать обучение		complements of a copular verb
zdrajca начать обучение		traitor
her начать обучение		determiner
hers начать обучение		pronoun
inflwction начать обучение		adjusting to the context
derivation начать обучение		morphological operations by wchich new words are formed
root начать обучение		carries the lexical information
interfix начать обучение		goes in between(o)
infix начать обучение		inside a single lexem
circumfix начать обучение		en
3 types of compounds начать обучение		endocentric, exocentric, appositional
appositional начать обучение		both elements have equal status
exocentric начать обучение		u cant say that 1 element is more important than the other
endocentric начать обучение		1 element describes the other
conversion начать обучение		lexical recategorisation
back-formation начать обучение		removing part of the word that we have
reduplication начать обучение		repetition of the word/slight chanfe
clipping начать обучение		cutting the part of the word
blending начать обучение		we take 2 words clip one element and put together
acronomization начать обучение		taking the first letters, sylabs
internal modification начать обучение		creating new words by substituting the sounds
another начать обучение		pronoun
morphology начать обучение		deals with internal structure of words
morphem начать обучение		the smallest component of the world
simple words simplexes начать обучение		lexical items made of one morpheme
podzial na words начать обучение		simple words, complex words
concatenative processes начать обучение		putting together a basr and an affix or two or more morphemes
non-concatenative processes начать обучение		no morpheme is joined with another morpheme
cicumfix начать обучение		in- unproductive in english
types of morphrmes начать обучение		prefix, suffix, root, interfix,
compounding начать обучение		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
girlfriend начать обучение		appositional
woman dictor начать обучение		appositional
woman doctor начать обучение		appositional
sleepwalk начать обучение		appositional
tennis shoe начать обучение		endocentric
kitchen chair начать обучение		endocentric
sit-in начать обучение		exocentric
pickpocket начать обучение		exocentric
redhead начать обучение		exocentric
borrowings начать обучение		enter a language from the system of another panguage
many начать обучение		specifier
our начать обучение		specifier
so начать обучение		specifier
too начать обучение		specifier
right начать обучение		specifier
quite начать обучение		specifier
just начать обучение		specifier
word form начать обучение		the different ways a word can the context of languageexist in
head начать обучение		minimal projection
phrases r endocentric начать обучение		they r built around the head successively
constituency test N начать обучение		N - one/ones, pronoun,
constituencg tests v начать обучение		do so, ellipsis, did
constituency tests начать обучение		movement: topic, postponing, subject aux inversion, passive for NP
tom начать обучение		volume
argument structure начать обучение		the number and kinds of arguments a predicate takes
podmiot начать обучение		subject
orzeczenie начать обучение		predicate
agent restructions начать обучение		nie stative verb with experiencer
what x did was начать обучение		x - agent, force, cause
what happend to x was начать обучение		x - patient, theme
causative alternation начать обучение		jane broke the cup
inochative alternation начать обучение		the cup broke
(indefinite) object drop начать обучение		mike ate (the cake)
dative alternation начать обучение		bill sold tom a car, bill sold a car to tom
benefactive alternation начать обучение		martha carved a toy for the baby- the baby a toy
locative alternation начать обучение		jack sprayed the wall WITH paint/the table OF dishes
middle alternation начать обучение		this book reads well
adding goal pp начать обучение		John drove (to Paris)
understood reflexive object alternation начать обучение		john shaves in the morning
agent начать обучение		animate initiator
force начать обучение		inanimate cause of an action
instrument начать обучение		the means by which an event is caused
experiencer начать обучение		the animate being affected inwardly
source начать обучение		the place from which an action emnate
goal начать обучение		the place to which or pwrson to whom an action is dorected
path начать обучение		the path taken in moving from one place to another
location начать обучение		the place at/in which or time at which an action occurs
possessor начать обучение		the possessor of a thing
inalienable possession начать обучение		Judy’s head
alienable possession начать обучение		judys car
benefactive начать обучение		the person/thing for which an action is performed
factitive начать обучение		the object resulting from an action having no prior existence
patient начать обучение		a person or thing affected by an action
patient начать обучение		undergoes a change
theme начать обучение		undergoes actiob transferred/moved
neutral начать обучение		person/thing not changed but simply presented
range начать обучение		specification/limitatiin of an action
role начать обучение		a person playing a role/part in an action
direct object начать обучение		who what
indirect object начать обучение		to whom for whom
case frame начать обучение		abstract specification of the thematic role possibilities for each predicate
predicates начать обучение		relations or operations carried out on the participants
arguments начать обучение		the participants
testing dynamism начать обучение		ing
testing durativity начать обучение		check po: for 10 minutes/until dawn
testing telicity начать обучение		for 10 minutes, in 10 minutes
active voice subject начать обучение		agent experiencer
passive voice subkect начать обучение		patient/theme
passivisation начать обучение		complemment becomes the subject
obligatory by phrase with: начать обучение		follow, precede
the double object construction forces начать обучение		the possessive relation
rules for how u interpret words and their combinations начать обучение		semantics
rules for putting words together in phrases and sentences начать обучение		syntax
the chemical composition of waterbis h2o начать обучение		timeless statement
cicha woda brzegi rwie начать обучение		Still waters run deep
i think начать обучение		state
przeslanka, zlozenje начать обучение		premise
I will начать обучение		premise
I am начать обучение		intention
i’m going to начать обучение		strong intention
will you be going начать обучение		asking about plans
will you go начать обучение		request
I was meeting начать обучение		the meeting started before
i have been very busy начать обучение		still february, 0 nit completed
I had hoped начать обучение		in the past
I was hoping начать обучение		polite expression
has been placing начать обучение		repeated action — keep doing it
has killed rabbits начать обучение		no more rabbits
has been killing rabbits начать обучение		some rabbits still
I didnt’t have time in the morning начать обучение		no longer the morning
I haven’t had time in the morning начать обучение		morning still
where has steve gone for his holiday начать обучение		he is still on holidays
where has steve been going for начать обучение		repeated action
where did steve go for начать обучение		he is no longer there
rules of X’ syntax начать обучение		rules for adding a complement, adjunct, specifier to a head
clause начать обучение		sentence-elements or the parts sentences are built from
4 levels analyse начать обучение		word level, phrase level, clause level, sentence level
syntactic units the rank scale начать обучение		1.) sentence 2.) clause 3.) phrase 4.) word/lexical category
subordinate clause начать обучение		embedded clause
subordinate/embeeded clause начать обучение		clause within a main clause
that начать обучение		conjunction/subordinator
sentence начать обучение		independent unit of syntax
clause начать обучение		may be dependent/independent
finite verb начать обучение		verb inflected for tense and/or agreement
sentence are always начать обучение		finite
subordinate clauses начать обучение		finite/non-finite
finite verb forms начать обучение		carry tense (and agreement)
if clauses начать обучение		always finite
modal auxiliaries начать обучение		finite verb forms
that clauses начать обучение		always finite
bare infinitive начать обучение		non-finite verb form
present participle начать обучение		non-finite verb form
past participle начать обучение		non-finite verb clause
to infinitive начать обучение		non-finite verb clause
main sentence type начать обучение		declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative
wh - order of declarative sen начать обучение		when wh word corresponds to subject or complement of copula verb
imperative sentences начать обучение		finite
exclamative sentence начать обучение		initial wh word, do not display subject auxiliary inversion
dependent finite clauses form начать обучение		that, if, wh
dependent finite clauses, syntactic functions начать обучение		subject clauses, direct object claused, adjunct clauses
np as a direct object начать обучение		I know (this book)
clause as a direct object начать обучение		I know (that john will come)
Np as subject начать обучение		(his phone-call) surprised me
clause as subject начать обучение		(that john came) surprised me
finite adjunct clauses начать обучение		I will repair it (when I return)
that clauses начать обучение		cannot function as adjunctd
to inf as a direct object with an overt subject начать обучение		Ann considers (Helen to be an excellent director)
to infinitive clauses as direct object without an overt subjct начать обучение		Gary wants to leave
to inf clause as direct object with wh word начать обучение		he forgot ehat to sat to the examiners
to infinite clause as a subjct with overt subject начать обучение		(for u to park here) would be illigal
to inf clause as subject without overt subj начать обучение		to park here is illegal
to inf clauses as adjuncts with an overt subject начать обучение		(for marry to pass her driving test) she will need to takr many more lessons
to inf clauses as adjuncts without an overt subject начать обучение		in order to/ so as to
bare infinitive clauses as adjunct начать обучение		eather than, sooner than, NO OVERT SUabJECT
taxi начать обучение		cab
ing participle as adjunct начать обучение		(the streets being completrly deserted) Jackie preferred to take a cub
ing participle clause as adjunct without a sub of their oen начать обучение		(working on his essay late), tom was quickly becoming tired
ed participle clause as adjunct with a subject of his owb начать обучение		we were all excited (the plan sccepted by the government)
ed part clause as adjunct eithout subject of their oen начать обучение		formulated clearly, thid dtatement will caude no problems
dusic sie начать обучение		suffocate
function of claused complement of n начать обучение		idea, information, command, suggestion, question
clause as a compømnt of AP начать обучение		I sm (eager (to work with u))
clause complment of p начать обучение		he is uncertain (pp about (what u said to me))
relative clauses adjuncts начать обучение		restrictive = defining relative clause
restrictive(relative clauses) начать обучение		info that is necessary for identifying the referent of the np
clauses as adjuncts начать обучение		non restrictive = non-defining clauses
non-restrictive clauses начать обучение		does not add further info that cobtributes to identifying the referent of np
non restrictive rel clauses начать обучение		marked by commas
complementizers non- finite clauses начать обучение		r introduced by FOR I want (for u to be happy)
that necessary начать обучение		clause as subject/ complement
that required начать обучение		if the clausal compøement is moved to the left
for required: начать обучение		complement separated from the verb, pseudo clefts
for required in non-f if cl начать обучение		has an overt subjects, functions as subject or adjunct
if whether as complmntizers начать обучение		always obligatory!!!
if introduces начать обучение		FINITE embeeded claused
Whether introduces начать обучение		FINITE and NON-FINITE embedded clauses
lexical entry начать обучение		1.) gram category 2.) argument structure 3.) thematic structure 4.) subcategorization frame
parts of speech начать обучение		words
or, and, but = parts of speech начать обучение		coordinators
that if part of speech начать обучение		subordinator
your time is up начать обучение		A
the balloons rose up to the sky начать обучение		Adv
they live just up the street from us начать обучение		P
the dog tore up the slipper начать обучение		prt
major word classes начать обучение		lexical categories
minor word classes начать обучение		functional cat
kostka masla начать обучение		a stick of butter
classifier with count noun начать обучение		a heap of books
copular verbs начать обучение		1 participant + 1 constituent
she got her hair wet начать обучение		comolex transitive
participants начать обучение		arguments
verbs начать обучение		predicators
adjectives начать обучение		* gradable * non-gradable
synthetic inflection for grade начать обучение		old-older-oldedest
analytical inflection for grafe начать обучение		beutiful - more beautiful
fairly начать обучение		degree modifier / measure phrase
very, extremely, three years начать обучение		degree modifier, measure phrase
very, rather, extremely начать обучение		degree adverbs
A vs Adverbs начать обучение		Adverbs do not combine with nouns in Attributive position
primary auxiliaries начать обучение		have, be
dummy auxiliary начать обучение		do
this/ that начать обучение		demonstratives
determiners начать обучение		articles, demonstratives, possessives
my his her начать обучение		determiner
hers начать обучение		pronoun
indefinite reference начать обучение		specific/ unspecific
come round the corner начать обучение		P
come roumd with some fresh air начать обучение		adv
idle начать обучение		próżnować, bezczynny
adjectives начать обучение		4 subcategories
abstract to concrete начать обучение		personality- a personality
mass to count начать обучение		beer -> 2 beers
count to mass начать обучение		1 garlic - the smell of garlic
one of the major types of morphologucal operations by which new words r formed начать обучение		derivation
simple wirds= morphological simplexes начать обучение		lexical items made of one morpheme
morph начать обучение		free morph bound morph
free morph начать обучение		root
affix начать обучение		always a bound root
derivational affix начать обучение		prefix/ suffix
simple word начать обучение		1 free root
complex word начать обучение		1 free root + 1/more bound morphs
compund word начать обучение		2 free roots
compound - complex начать обучение		2 free roots+ bound morphs
derivation начать обучение		additiom of a word-forming afix
conversion начать обучение		functional shift
functional shift начать обучение		conversion
a combination of two or more free roots начать обучение		compound
root creation начать обучение		invention of an entirely new root morpheme
prefix начать обучение		un, mis, over
suffix начать обучение		er, ship, ful, ist
interfix начать обучение		gramophone
infix начать обучение		kangabloodyroo
circumfix начать обучение		enliven
compouding начать обучение		concatenation of at least two root morphemes
endocentric comp начать обучение		kitchen chair
exocentric compound начать обучение		pickpocket, redhead
appositional compund начать обучение		woman doctor
conversion начать обучение		empty (adj) -> to rmpty
clipping начать обучение		fridge
blending начать обучение		workoholic
acronymization начать обучение		VIP
internal modification начать обучение		iife-live, drip- drop, feed-food
borrowings начать обучение		hamburger, pin, pit
borrowings from eng начать обучение		spruce, britzka
* know the ansers źle bo начать обучение		imperative require eventive verb + agent
know the anwers zle bo nie moze byc начать обучение		stative verb, experiencer
only ... license purpose clauses начать обучение		agent
what y did to x начать обучение		y - agent/animate cause
bil liked the film начать обучение		source
locative alternation. henry cleared dieshes from the table начать обучение		henry cleared the table of dishes
john drove - john drove to paris начать обучение		adding goal pp
john shaves in the morning начать обучение		understood reflexive object alternation
this book reads easily начать обучение		middle alternation
the situation types differ in начать обучение		dynamism, durativity, trlicity
dynamic test начать обучение		checking if predicate is compatible eith progressive aspect
state can be used in the progressive начать обучение		if a state can be interpreted as temporary or the degree
durativity test начать обучение		checking if predicate is compatible with pp like for 10 minutes/until dawn
the plane flee начать обучение		atelic
she ate a bowl of rice начать обучение		telic
she ate rice начать обучение		atelic
telicy test начать обучение		checking which temporal adverbial is compatible with the verbal predicate
telic situations test начать обучение		in ten minutes
atelic situation test начать обучение		fir ten minuted
pp measure in telic situations must measure начать обучение		the duration of the situation
she opened the windows for 10 minutes начать обучение		telic- pp measures the duration
the can will explode in 2 minutes начать обучение		telic
twierdzic начать обучение		to assert
* i think about my work now начать обучение		think involves mental activity
progressive aspect with punctual events начать обучение		only to express repetitions
the soldier was dying начать обучение		lead to a punctual event
np as adjunct начать обучение		yesterday/last year/ the minth before/this second
advP as adjunct начать обучение		urgently, repeatedly, officially
pp as adjunct начать обучение		in a rush
pp as adjunct начать обучение		outdide London, in some ways, by the council
* john closed (carefully) the door начать обучение		an adjunct cannot separate the verb from its direct object
adjuncts can stack начать обучение		I saw the film (several times) (last year)
complements of prepositions начать обучение		np, pp(out of love) clause uncertain about what you sais
complements of adjectives начать обучение		pp - dependend on clause - eager to help
cpmplements of nouns начать обучение		pp (specialisation in), clause -consideration whether, np linguistics student
intransitive verbs начать обучение		not require a complement, may have adjuncts
intransitive verbs do not take a complement начать обучение		william blushed
complements of verb начать обучение		pp listentomusic, np/pp indirect objects hive my brother a present
complement of verbs начать обучение		np - drink two glasses of, clause -confirm that...
happy начать обучение		about/with
np adjunct начать обучение		this week
pp adjunct начать обучение		in the park
ap adjunct начать обучение		very long
np complement начать обучение		read(a book)
pp complement начать обучение		rely (on mary)
ap cpmplement начать обучение		be(very happy)
non-complements and non-adjuncts начать обучение		specifiers
head alone начать обучение		vp - take photos, ap -on the table
bracked diagram for the sentence начать обучение		[tp[np the[ap little] monk ]...
the journalist interviewed in tuxedo начать обучение		the journalist interwiewed him ib s tuxedo
the journalist interviewed in a tuxedo начать обучение		clefting - this is an actor in a tucedo that intereiewed
constituent начать обучение		phrase
the postman lost his keys yesterday constituents начать обучение		he lost it then
how id the meaning determined? начать обучение		passive, auciliary inversion
him, I don‘t like начать обучение		topicalisation
but climp the rockets they never will начать обучение		topicalisation
captain link was examined by the vet начать обучение		passivisation
anna hit with pepper dpray some poor guy начать обучение		heavy np shift
the x’schema начать обучение		intermediate projection, intermediate projection, maximal projection
PS rules начать обучение		generate hierarrchical structure
ps rules начать обучение		tell us how to build phrases
structure building begins wirh the word category начать обучение		the head of the structure
general schems начать обучение		X‘ schema
X начать обучение		head
YP начать обучение		cpnstituent, comolement
X‘ начать обучение		intermediate projection
RP начать обучение		adjunct
ZP начать обучение		specifier
X‘ начать обучение		intermediate structure
english-head initial language начать обучение		complements follow their heads
complement of the verb начать обучение		object
*louise abandonedd начать обучение		project is a complement, it is not omissible
the last constituent that can be merged in a phtlrase начать обучение		specifier
complete phrase начать обучение		a maximal projection of the head
specifier начать обучение		right, straight, very, quite, her, the
the specifier of the sentence начать обучение		subject
syntactic selection is referred to as начать обучение		SUBCATEGORISATION
Endocentricity - phrases are endocentric начать обучение		they r built around the head successively
head начать обучение		the minimal projection
complements начать обучение		expand x into x’
adjuncts начать обучение		expand recursively x’ into x’
specifiers начать обучение		expand x’ into xp
* but jim did so a magazine начать обучение		substitution for the head alone impossible
ellipsis - substitution for np начать обучение		but Jim is not
ellipsis constituemcy tests for vp начать обучение		and nor will jay
the new teacher did начать обучение		replacemrnt for entire vp
preposing = начать обучение		topicalisation
* the spealer they know on the stge начать обучение		no subpart of np moveable
topicalisation начать обучение		the candidate came in for interview and highly intelligent she was indeed
topicalisation начать обучение		the dy before the accident, they walked to the party
talk to him i never will начать обучение		topicalistion
postponing начать обучение		heavy np shift
they presented the speaker on the stage to millicent начать обучение		heavy np shift
subj aux inverdion for dubject nps начать обучение		was the mn with the scar singing songs in desperation?
clefting начать обучение		it is his resignation that the chairman is handing in.
* what the tiger did at the gorilla was smile начать обучение		no part of vp possible
coordinators начать обучение		conjunctions
coordination начать обучение		linking constituents to form larger structures (constituents)
coordination начать обучение		phrases must be syntactically parallel
* lee went to the store and crazy начать обучение		the parallelism allows elements of the same category
coordination involves начать обучение		syntactic and semantic parallelism
black carno, king of sweden начать обучение		only maximal projections/full phrases can occur as sentence fragments
tree and bracket diagrams начать обучение		are representations of constituent structure
constituency tests начать обучение		do sl, ellipsis, did, movement, heavy np shift, subject aux inversion, passive for nps
constituency tests начать обучение		passive for np, clefting, pseudo clefting, coordinstion
verbs describing situations specify начать обучение		whether they r relational or not
relations or operations carried out on the participants начать обучение		predicate
1 place predicate начать обучение		Frank is irish
2 place predicate начать обучение		Diana left the gym
4 place predicate начать обучение		he flew from ny to havana via miami
o place predicate начать обучение		0 place predicates
semantic notions начать обучение		1/2/3 place ptedicate
syntactic notions начать обучение		intransitive/monotransitive/ditransitive
predicates nie tylko verbs tez начать обучение		nouns, adjectives/adverbs, prep
* john is fond начать обучение		2 place predicate - does not allow any arguments to be kmplicit
v envy начать обучение		2 place predicate with 2 obligatory arguments
a envious начать обучение		2 place predicate, one implicit
* they r at начать обучение		at - 2 place predicate
* florence is between milan начать обучение		between- 3 place predicate
nouns as predicated начать обучение		Pauls analysy of the data was superfluous
adjectives as predicates начать обучение		John is envious
prepositions as predicates начать обучение		they r at the station
the bottlw contains alcohol начать обучение		location
people filled the room начать обучение		location
the man with the dog/ with brown hair начать обучение		possessor
coach начать обучение		kareta, powóz
the coast is clearch turned into a punpkin начать обучение		factirive
the chicken was baked by me начать обучение		patient
it costs a hundred dollars начать обучение		range
it weights 80 kilograms начать обучение		range
hum начать обучение		nucić
he hummed a silly tune начать обучение		range
he lived out his life happily начать обучение		range
lexical representation of predicates начать обучение		argument structure
weather predications начать обучение		no referential argument, no thematic relation involved
subcategorisation начать обучение		lets us encode the category of the complement of a lexical item
#my chocolate cake saw the phoneme начать обучение		semantic selection
experiencer начать обучение		encodes animate being
sentient начать обучение		czujący
* john envies начать обучение		out-argument and thematic structure violatiib and subcategorization restriction violation
* john is envious mary начать обучение		out- violates subcategorization restriction of envious
# the car envious mary начать обучение		semantically ill informed
rozwscieczyc начать обучение		enrage
the child took the book off thr shelf начать обучение		source
his leaving pleases me начать обучение		source
the sun gives off heat начать обучение		source
a caterpillar turns into the butterfly начать обучение		source
i walked upstairs начать обучение		goal
she did it for love начать обучение		goal
path начать обучение		over the mountains
along the raiload tracks начать обучение		via
specifier начать обучение		may be obligatory in the phrase
obligatory specifier начать обучение		determiner
* this the book начать обучение		specifoers don’t stuck
specifiers начать обучение		r not mobile
impossibility of recurdion and immobility начать обучение		so, rather
so, rather начать обучение		det
utterly as adjunct начать обучение		so utterly incompetent ok utterly so *
* he was completely so in the wrong начать обучение		so- specifier of pp
right начать обучение		determiner
specifier начать обучение		precedes x’ in english
not начать обучение		specifier of a negated vp
subjects in clauses начать обучение		SPECIFIERS
obligatory determiners начать обучение		det in NP, NP in TP
Specifier in NP начать обучение		a/some/out/this
spec in vp начать обучение		negation
specifier in ap начать обучение		too, how, so
spec in advp начать обучение		rather, too, so, this, that
specifier in pp начать обучение		right, just, quite
specifoer in clause начать обучение		NP
specifoer in clause начать обучение		pp- under the stairs was a safe area
specifier in clause начать обучение		clause- to be good... where to eat, why...
specofier in clause начать обучение		ap restledd is what i would call him
advp specifier начать обучение		cautiously is how i would suggedt u do it
spec ln clause начать обучение		formal requirement of grammar, not slways interpretable
specifoer in clause начать обучение		formal requirement, not always interpretable
spec in clause not always interpretable - there r two lions in the cage начать обучение		if often rains in england, there r teo lions
it is late начать обучение		it - not interpretable
the specifier of T начать обучение		question tags as a pronoun
the final element added in a phrase начать обучение		specifier
every phrase has 3 levels of structure начать обучение		x, x’, x’’
never начать обучение		spec of vp
spec of ap начать обучение		HOW nice
a juvenile начать обучение		nieletni
a private начать обучение		szeregowy
a natural начать обучение		naturszczyk
a daily начать обучение		dziennik
herd начать обучение		tłum, stado
your time is up начать обучение		A
the balloons rose up to the sky начать обучение		adv
the dog tore up the slipper начать обучение		prt
they live just up the street from us начать обучение		adv
would you write your adress down for me начать обучение		prt
he ran down the stairs начать обучение		P
he looked down because he was embarassed начать обучение		adv
dummy auxiliary начать обучение		do
primary auxiliaries начать обучение		have, be
vis начать обучение		potęga, siła
monotheism root начать обучение		THE
syntactic pattern начать обучение		V+ N+ er>N
hover начать обучение		unosic sie
pług начать обучение		plow
drip начать обучение		kapać
clean-cut начать обучение		wyrazisty
badmouth начать обучение		obgadywac
cranapple начать обучение		semantically opaque
neologizm начать обучение		literary coinage
canary od canary islands начать обучение		commonization
split adjective начать обучение		an adverb placed between to and the verb makes a split infinitive
constituency tests начать обучение		wh fronting -what, ommission
words that combine with nouns начать обучение		determiners
idles начать обучение		3 rd sg pres inflectional form
idled начать обучение		past tense form
adjectives subcategorisation начать обучение		adjectives dividen into fojr subcatrgories
recategorisatiin abstract to concrete начать обучение		personality -> a personality
mass to count recategorisation начать обучение		beer/2 beers
count to mass recategorisation начать обучение		1 garlic/ the smell of garlic
Proper to common recategorisstion начать обучение		einstain -> an einstein
constituent начать обучение		a wird that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure
semantics начать обучение		rules for how u interpret words and their combinations
syntax начать обучение		rules for putting words together in phrases and sentencess
* a jously husband начать обучение		adverbs do not combine with nouns in attributive position
* he became jealously начать обучение		adverbs do not combine with nouns in predicative position
AP начать обучение		completely dry
different types of words начать обучение		1.) simple tree 2.) complex 3.) compound
kieszonkowiec начать обучение		a pickpocket
ing czesc mowy начать обучение		gerund
yourself начать обучение		pronoun
another начать обучение		pronoun
drip->drop, sell-sale, bent - bend начать обучение		internal modification, breath-breathe
potega sila начать обучение		vis
invisibly root начать обучение		vis
what начать обучение		PRONOUN
so начать обучение		CONJUNCTION
declarative начать обучение		statement of fact/assertion
interrogative начать обучение		question
imperative начать обучение		directive
exclamative начать обучение		exclamation
aspect начать обучение		progressive, non-progressive, perdfective
refuction начать обучение		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
reduction by ellipsis начать обучение		I would like to go with u but Ucant
reduction by pro-form начать обучение		was he arrested? Im afraid SO
pro-forms: one, other начать обучение		there r not probouns-pron cant be used with determiners!
clause reduction начать обучение		the entire clause is reduced to the proforms this that and it
this начать обучение		clausal prp-form
it начать обучение		clausal proform
topicalization начать обучение		a post-verbal constituent is in the sentence initial position
left dislocation начать обучение		a constituent is displaved from its basic position to the sentence initial position, leaves a pronominal copy
passive начать обучение		construction that enables the object of verb to become the topic
focaliztion начать обучение		movement to the left to mark focus/contrast
focalization начать обучение		10 years we lived there
focalization начать обучение		that bowl we got in Italy. the other...
it cleft начать обучение		the message is split into two parts(it is ...-> focused)
pseudo-cleft начать обучение		the message is split into two parts. that ...-> focused firegrounded
driven movements to the right начать обучение		extraposition, sub-v inversion, heavy np shift, there insertion, right dislocation
right dislocation начать обучение		the reverse of left dislocation
right dislocation начать обучение		a sentence with additional np which is reffered to a pronoun inside the main sentence
right dislocation начать обучение		the right dislocated constituent is focused
heavy np shift начать обучение		heavy np moved to the right end position in accordance with the heaviness principle
heavy np начать обучение		long/complex np
extraposition feom np начать обучение		relative clause/adjunct moves to the sentence final position
extraoosition feom np начать обучение		six women appeared with yellow hats
restrictions on extraposition from np начать обучение		possible with clauses containing intransitive verbs
it extraposition начать обучение		the displced subject or object leaves it in the positiom from which it moved rightward to the sentence final position
it extraposition начать обучение		that...- new info
2 it extraposition constructions начать обучение		displacing the subject, displacing the object
it extraposition restrictions начать обучение		the extraposed constituent must be a clause or a gerund
restriction on it-extraposition начать обучение		a clause in the subject position must correspond to given information, if not sub extraposition is obligatory
it extraposition complex transitive verbs - complement clause начать обучение		it - obligatory
subject verb inversion начать обучение		the subject is inverted with the dependent of the verb
subject - verb inversion начать обучение		the inverted subject introduces new information
subject verb inversion начать обучение		on her desk was a bowl of fruit
sub verb inversion restriction начать обучение		if the subject is old inf and the dependent is new there is no inversion
there insertion начать обучение		pronoun there isin the subject position in so-called existential or presentstional clauses
there insertion начать обучение		lexical subject is is presented as new to the sddressee
there insertion restrivction начать обучение		copular verb/ any other that can serve asthe subject of that verb
there -insertion + adjectival predicate начать обучение		adjective must describe some non-pernament property
restrictions on there insertion начать обучение		definite nps impossible
reduction начать обучение		by ellipsis/ by pro-form
clause reduction начать обучение		the entire clause is reduced to the pro-forms this, that, it
vp reduction начать обучение		vp may be omitted, do so/that is used as a pro-form replacing the vp
vp reduction начать обучение		she suggestedthat i should sell the house but i dont want to DO THAT yet
restrictiona on vp reduction начать обучение		vp ellipsis is possible obly if what is omitted is the entire vp
the subject of the sentence начать обучение		given info, topic
the predicate of the sentence начать обучение		new info, comment
topic начать обучение		what an uterrance is about
comment начать обучение		what is said about the topic
contrast начать обучение		the information is in contrast to another entity
contrast marked by начать обучение		only/rather
topicalisation= fronting начать обучение		movement of a word, phrssclause to the beginning of the sentence
fronting= topicalisation начать обучение		the fronted wlement becomes topic, info at the end of the sentence focused
left dislocation начать обучение		moves aword, phrase, clause at the. eginning of the sentence, but it leaves the pronominal copy of the fronted element
left-dislocation начать обучение		reintroduce the GIVEN info, this info becomes TOPIC
cleft sentence начать обучение		clefted element— new info, comment
pseudocleft начать обучение		new info, focus to the end of the sentence
passive начать обучение		the object becomes the subject - give. info/topic
extraposition from np начать обучение		kovement of the relative clause ot other rlement modyfyibg element out to the end of the senyence
declarative sentence basic word order начать обучение		S V(aux) O
the notiona that have a role in the availability of syntactic variants in situational context начать обучение		contrast, givenness/newness
given information начать обучение		information that is known to the interlocutor
new information начать обучение		focal information
new information начать обучение		focus/focal information
new information начать обучение		information that is not shared by interlocutors
syntax informtion structure начать обучение		given materiaö comes before the new material
active voice начать обучение		not restricted by the constraintson info pckaging
passive voice начать обучение		constrained by information structure considerationd
odpowiednik начать обучение		counterpart
zrozumienie начать обучение		consideration
it cleft, pseudo cleft начать обучение		fronting forfocus reasons
indefinite object drop начать обучение		drink
Dative construction начать обучение		double object construction
double object construction, datuv alternation начать обучение		bring
benefactive alternation начать обучение		buy
middle alternation начать обучение		cut
causative/inochative начать обучение		melt
locative alternation начать обучение		locative
locative alternation начать обучение		splsh (on->with)
niezgodny, nie dajacy sie pogpdzic начать обучение		incompatible
elapse начать обучение		upływać (time)
i think...... is... начать обучение		think=hold an opinion, state
I am thinking about... now начать обучение		thinks= mental activity
he was hitting the table начать обучение		express reperition of punctual events
the soldier was dying начать обучение		preparatory situation leading up to a punctual point
they were reaching the summit when... начать обучение		the preparatory situation leading up to a punctual event
generoc statements начать обучение		beavers build dams
timeless statements начать обучение		two plus two is four
gnomoc(proverbial sentence) начать обучение		haste makes waste
plot summary начать обучение		Hamlet dies...
future statement начать обучение		we leave tomorrow
instantenlus commentary начать обучение		he shoots. he scores
reporting info начать обучение		the wheater forecast says that...
punctual verbs начать обучение		tap, kick, flash
copula v начать обучение		remain
ditransitive начать обучение		ask
prepositional verb начать обучение		look after
shifts in meaning -passive начать обучение		every schoolboy knows... one joke at least...
passive shifts in meaning начать обучение		John cannot do it vs it cant be done
get passive начать обучение		interest on the s and what happened to it
inflection gor grade 1 forma old начать обучение		absolute
the information associated with the word in the mental lexicin начать обучение		lexical entry
direct object начать обучение		np/clause
license purpose clauses начать обучение		only agent
complementizers - finite начать обучение		that, wherher
complementizers non finite начать обучение		for

descriptive grammar

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