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Вопрос		Ответ
Culture as "the cultivation of plants" начать обучение		was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
Culture as "production of bacteria" начать обучение		evolved in late 19th century
Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" начать обучение		was popular in 19th century
Culture in learning and taste начать обучение		makes the intellectual side of civilization
Culture is closely connected to... начать обучение		"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
How many definitions of culture are there in general? начать обучение		300
How many distinct themes are there in culture? начать обучение		7
First distinct in culture: начать обучение		Structure/pattern
Second distinct in culture: начать обучение		Function
Third distinct in culture: начать обучение		Process
Fourth distinct in culture: начать обучение		Product
Fifth distinct in culture: начать обучение		Refinement
Sixth distinct in culture: начать обучение		Group-membership
Seventh distinct in culture: начать обучение		Power
What is connected to structure as a system of elements? начать обучение		way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
What is the function of culture? начать обучение		It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
Continuous social construction of culture involves: начать обучение		- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
What is a cultural text? начать обучение		anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? начать обучение		instruction and moral progress
What is instruction? начать обучение		care given to development of the mind
What is moral progress? начать обучение		stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
What is group-membership? начать обучение		definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
How does power show in culture? начать обучение		Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
How does power manifest in culture? начать обучение		Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
Culture is... начать обучение		learned and acquired.
Socio-cultural patterns... начать обучение		are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
Socio-cultural patterns are learned... начать обучение		from family member, groups and societies people live in.
Cultures of human beings are influenced by... начать обучение		the physical and social environment through which they operate.
Culture is shared by... начать обучение		a group of people.
A thought or action... начать обучение		may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
Why is culture cumulative? начать обучение		Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
Why is culture dynamic? начать обучение		Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
Culture is diversified but... начать обучение		constitutes as a whole.
Culture is a system that has... начать обучение		many mutually interdependent parts.
Parts of culture are seperate but... начать обучение		they form a unified whole.
Two stages of socialisation: начать обучение		primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
Define primary socialisation. начать обучение		It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
What does primary socialisation involve? начать обучение		Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
Define secondary socialisation. начать обучение		It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
Components of critical cultural studies are: начать обучение		Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
What is production and political economy doing? начать обучение		Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
What are culture studies? начать обучение		Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
What do cultural studies combine? начать обучение		It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
What do cultural studies use? начать обучение		It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
What do cultural studies aim to? начать обучение		It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
What are the significant issues of cultural studies? начать обучение		an equal treatment of high and low culture
A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: начать обучение		The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
Why is culture multi-discursive? начать обучение		It includes numerous "languages".
Define discourse. начать обучение		It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
What are the examples of discourses? начать обучение		A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
What is the key to analyse culture? начать обучение		The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? начать обучение		Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
What does culture include? начать обучение		Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... начать обучение		lived cultures or practices.
Why is culture a social phenomenon? начать обучение		It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
Texts of culture... начать обучение		are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
A text is... начать обучение		anything that produces meaning.
Define polysemic. начать обучение		To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
What is Industrialisation? начать обучение		The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? начать обучение		2
The dates of the first Industrial Revolution начать обучение		1760-1830
The second Industrial Revolution took place in: начать обучение		The late 19th and 20th centuries.
Mass production is... начать обучение		the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
Mass production can't exist without... начать обучение		mass consumption.
Mass production process... начать обучение		is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
Modernisation is... начать обучение		the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
Urbanisation is... начать обучение		the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? начать обучение		1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
What was the first book written and when? начать обучение		Guttenberg Bible, 1465
What was the first newspaper and when was it published? начать обучение		Oxford Gazette, 1665
The first magazine published and when? начать обучение		American Magazine, 1741
When was telegraph invented? начать обучение		1844
What was the first movie and when was it published? начать обучение		"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
When was the first station on air and how was it called? начать обучение		KDKA in 1920
When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? начать обучение		W3XK in 1928
When did the internet start working around? начать обучение		1992
Define "popular". начать обучение		from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
1540's definition of popularity: начать обучение		"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
1570's definition of popularity: начать обучение		"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
1859's definition of popularity: начать обучение		"low, affordable to average persons"
1600's definition of popularity: начать обучение		"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
The definition of popularity from 1819: начать обучение		"favoured by people generally"
Popular culture is... начать обучение		culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
Examples of high culture: начать обучение		classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
Examples of low culture: начать обучение		food, entertainment, sports and shopping
Culture is diverse and... начать обучение		difficult to categorize.
A cultural skyscraper... начать обучение		involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
The opera... начать обучение		was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
The opera house... начать обучение		became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
Opera was transformed from... начать обучение		popular entertainment into high culture.
Commercial culture is... начать обучение		mass-produced for mass consumption.
Who is the audience of commercial culture? начать обучение		Dumb consumers.
What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? начать обучение		It's imitative and manipulative.
Commercial culture is connected to... начать обучение		Americanization of global culture.
Examples of cultural imperialism: начать обучение		The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
Popular culture originates from... начать обучение		the people.
Folk culture is... начать обучение		a culture of the people for the people.
Examples of folk culture in Poland: начать обучение		oscypek and ciupaga
Folk culture is not always authentic because... начать обучение		oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
Popular culture is a struggle between... начать обучение		originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
Reggae originally comes from... начать обучение		poor black or Jamaican people.
Reggae originally is... начать обучение		spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... начать обучение		materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
Postmodern culture is... начать обучение		a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
Postmodern popular culture blends... начать обучение		the authentic with commercial.
Tarantino's cinema... начать обучение		creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
Tarantino's films split into... начать обучение		non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... начать обучение		western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
Intertextuality is... начать обучение		quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... начать обучение		by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... начать обучение		by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
In 1953 CBS and RCA... начать обучение		reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... начать обучение		the early 1940s.
Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... начать обучение		the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
A recorded perfomance can be... начать обучение		edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
The first compact cassette was made in... начать обучение		1963
Compact cassette... начать обучение		gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
The compact disc was co-developed by... начать обучение		Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
The first CD was commercially released... начать обучение		in October 1982.
The MP3 file format was developed in... начать обучение		1992.
Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... начать обучение		1999
The Napster shut down in... начать обучение		2001
P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... начать обучение		after 2001.
Streaming music is... начать обучение		shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
A subscription fee... начать обучение		gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
Popular music streaming platforms are: начать обучение		Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
Oligopoly is... начать обучение		a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
3 major global companies of music industry are... начать обучение		Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
Music companies control about... начать обучение		65% of the recording industry market in the US.
Independent record labels are... начать обучение		companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
The Frankfurt School... начать обучение		is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
The Frankfurt School was founded... начать обучение		in Germany in 1923.
The Frankfurt School moved to... начать обучение		United States to NYC after 1933.
Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: начать обучение		Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... начать обучение		a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... начать обучение		which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
Basic focus of culture industry was... начать обучение		being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
The Frankfurt School attempted to show... начать обучение		a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
All products of the culture industry are designed for... начать обучение		profit.
Commodity is... начать обучение		an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
Every work of art is turned into... начать обучение		consumer product.
Culture industry uses a... начать обучение		production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
Films and TV shows we watch follow... начать обучение		the same recycled formulas.
Homogeneity states that... начать обучение		all mass culture is identical.
In consumers goods there are... начать обучение		several variations of the same thing.
All products produced under the same scheme are... начать обучение		"readable" and easily consumed.
Standardisation... начать обучение		makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
Hollywood was... начать обучение		a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
Hollywood produces... начать обучение		endless stream of movies.
Hollywood makes sure... начать обучение		nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
Film companies & streaming services... начать обучение		spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
Structural uniformity is... начать обучение		the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
Culture industries provide... начать обучение		"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
Audiences are... начать обучение		a product of media industries.
Culture manufacturing contains of... начать обучение		language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
Expansions in education... начать обучение		created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... начать обучение		became social issues drawing public attention.
An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... начать обучение		led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... начать обучение		a leisure class and significant consumers.
The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... начать обучение		increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... начать обучение		their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
Subcultures are... начать обучение		primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
Capitalist society produces... начать обучение		economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
Young people take and transform cultural texts as... начать обучение		a form of resistance.
Youth subcultures express... начать обучение		opposition to the generation gap.
Subcultures remain... начать обучение		sercret, alternative.
Resistance is expressed through... начать обучение		style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
The main elements of subcultural style are: начать обучение		image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
Bricolage is... начать обучение		a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
Homology is... начать обучение		the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
Punk style... начать обучение		reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
Skinheads style... начать обучение		are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
1950s subculture was... начать обучение		The Teddy Boys
1960s subculture was... начать обучение		The Mods & The Rockers
Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... начать обучение		The Skinheads
Middle 1970s subculture was... начать обучение		Punk
Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... начать обучение		The Metalheads
Early 1980s subculture was... начать обучение		The Goths
Another early 1980s subculture was... начать обучение		The New Romantics
The skinhead value system and style... начать обучение		mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
The Rude Boys derived from... начать обучение		dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
The rude boy style included... начать обучение		short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
Rude boys spoke in... начать обучение		an exotic dialect known as patois.
Ska is... начать обучение		a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
Skinhead aggro was based on... начать обучение		being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
Skinheads wore... начать обучение		Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
The four main cultural types of skinheads: начать обучение		traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
Female skinheads haircuts... начать обучение		are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
2-tone is... начать обучение		mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
Oi... начать обучение		began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
Subculturists share a degree of... начать обучение		an outsider status.
Post-subcultural generation... начать обучение		blended all sorts of music and fashion.
EDM and dance cultures appeared in... начать обучение		the end of the 1980s.
Raves are... начать обучение		all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
Subcultural participation is now... начать обучение		a matter of choice.
Adverts in 1960s were... начать обучение		usually followed by a slogan.
Adverts since 1970s... начать обучение		are based on visual style.
MTV promoted... начать обучение		a particular visual aesthetic.
In 2000s adverts... начать обучение		are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
Market research is... начать обучение		the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
famous-person testimonial начать обучение		an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
plain-folks appeal начать обучение		anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
snob-appeal approach начать обучение		an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
bandwagon effect начать обучение		an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
hidden-fear appeal начать обучение		anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
association principle начать обучение		a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
classified ads начать обучение		small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
spam начать обучение		- unwanted commercial e-mail;
web banner ads начать обучение		the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
OTT platforms начать обучение		enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
VODs начать обучение		employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
Monetizing nostalgia начать обучение		streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
media franchise начать обучение		acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
media convergence начать обучение		the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;

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