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Вопрос		Ответ
Biodiversity начать обучение		Diversity of life; the number, variety, and variation of genes, species and ecosystems on Earth.
Organism начать обучение		An individual life form
Species начать обучение		A group of individuals belonging to the same lowest taxonomic unit, capable of breeding and producing fertile offspring
Ecosystem начать обучение		Communities of organisms interacting with their physical and biological environment
Habitat начать обучение		A specific location with a particular set of biotic and abiotic conditions; where an organism generally lives
Species diversity начать обучение		A measure of the number and abundance of species in a community
Adaptation начать обучение		A feature of an organism that enhances its ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
Abiotic factors начать обучение		Non-living physical factors that influence organisms and ecosystems
Biotic factors начать обучение		The living components in the environment that influence organisms and ecosystems
Ecosystem Diversity начать обучение		A measure of the variety of different habitats, communities and ecological processes within a geographical location
Species richness начать обучение		A measure of the numbers of species present and the evenness of species in relation to one another
Species evenness начать обучение		The difference in the distribution of the total abundance between the species in a community
Community начать обучение		All the species that occupy a particular place at a given time
Percentage cover начать обучение		The percentage of a sample area covered by a target species
Percentage frequency начать обучение		A measure of how often a species occurs in samples
Quadrat начать обучение		A square frame used to isolate a standard unit of area so the distribution of a plant or animal can be studied
Population начать обучение		The number of individuals of a species living in a particular place at a particular time
Relative Abundance начать обучение		A measure of how common or rare a species is in relation to other species within a community
Simpson's Diversity Index (SDI) начать обучение		A measure of diversity that takes into account both species richness and evenness (0 to 1 - closer to 1 means more diverse)
Predator начать обучение		An organism that hunts, kills and eats another organism
Prey начать обучение		An organism hunted and killed by a predator
Intraspecific competition начать обучение		Competition between two or more individuals of the same species for resources
Interspecific competition начать обучение		Competition between two or more individuals of different species for resources
Competition начать обучение		Rivalry between individuals, of the same or different species, for a limited resource
Symbiosis начать обучение		A relationship in which two organisms live in close association over a long period of time
Symbiont начать обучение		An organism living in a symbiotic relationship with another organism
Disease начать обучение		A condition that negatively affects the function of an individual that isn't caused directly by injury
Population density начать обучение		A measure of the number of individuals living in a determined unit of area
Mortality начать обучение		The ratio of total deaths to the total population of a species
Tolerance range начать обучение		The range of a particular abiotic factor within which an organism can survive
Substrate начать обучение		A surface on which an organism can grow
Distribution начать обучение		Regions in which a species is found
Abundance начать обучение		The number of individuals of a particular species in a specific area at a given time
Evenly spaced distribution начать обучение		A type of distribution where individuals are more or less equally spaced throughout an area
Random distribution начать обучение		A type of distribution where individuals are spaced randomly in no distinguishable pattern throughout an area
Clumped distribution начать обучение		A type of distribution where individuals are found clustered in groups in particular parts of an area
Salinity начать обучение		The dissolved salt content of water
Brackish начать обучение		Slightly salty water; often found where seawater and freshwater mix
Osmosis начать обучение		The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane
Asexual reproduction начать обучение		The production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent
Sexual reproduction начать обучение		The production of offspring that has genetic material from two parents
Cladistics начать обучение		A method of grouping organisms that uses evolutionary lines of descent rather than structural similarities
Clade начать обучение		A group of organisms that are believed to comprise a common ancestor and all of its evolutionary descendants
Linnaean classification начать обучение		A hierarchical classification system based on physical characteristics
Hierarchical taxa начать обучение		Groups of organisms classified into a taxon and arranged in order of rank
Clones начать обучение		Offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
r - strategists начать обучение		A species that occupy unstable environments and uses the evolutionary strategy of maintaining high growth rates, occupying less-crowded ecological niches and producing many offspring
K - strategists начать обучение		A species whose population fluctuates at or near the carrying capacity (K) or the environment in which it resides
Bioinformatics начать обучение		Collection and analysis of DNA using computers
Molecular sequencing начать обучение		The comparison of genetic information between organisms to determine evolutionary relatedness
Phylogenetic tree начать обучение		A diagram that represents evolutionary relatedness between organisms
DNA sequencing начать обучение		The process of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
Evolutionary Relatedness начать обучение		How closely two species are related by a common ancestor; species sharing more recent common ancestors are more closely related than those with less recent common ancestors
Common ancestor начать обучение		The most recent species from which two or more organisms are descended; an ancestor that two species have in common
Cladogram начать обучение		A branching diagram showing the evolutionary relatedness of a number of species
DNA sequence начать обучение		The order of nucleotide bases that make up a section of DNA
Mutation начать обучение		A small permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism
Genome начать обучение		The complete set of genetic information of an organism
Bifurcation начать обучение		The division of a species into two species through divergent evolution
Hybrid начать обучение		The offspring of parents of different species
Classification начать обучение		The arrangement of living organisms or ecosystems into groups sharing similar characteristics
Climate начать обучение		Long-term average weather patterns specific to a geographical area
Terrestrial начать обучение		Relating to land, as opposed to aquatic (refers to water)
Stratified sampling начать обучение		The division of the physical environment into smaller components for sampling
Zonation начать обучение		The breaking of the biome into habitat zones
Transect начать обучение		A measured length or strip of terrain in an environment along which individual organisms or environmental parameters are measured and recorded
Unbiased data начать обучение		Data collected without influence or preference or prejudice of an external source
Error начать обучение		The difference between an observed value and a true value results in the inaccuracy of results
Line intercept начать обучение		A sampling technique used to estimate relative densities of a species by counting the number of individuals that lie on a straight line cutting through the community
Belt transect начать обучение		An elongated area of known length and width through a particular environment in which specific community parameters are measured and recorded
Succession начать обучение		The process of the diversity and populations of a community changing over time
Randomised Sampling начать обучение		A method of selecting a sample from a total array in such a way that every possible sample that could be selected has an equal chance of being selected
Mitochondria начать обучение		An organelle found in most living cells that facilitates energy production known as cellular respiration
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) начать обучение		A biological molecule used by living cells for energy
Cellular respiration начать обучение		A metabolic reaction occurring in most living cells that release energy for movement, growth and other biological functions
Energy transfer начать обучение		The movement of energy from one object or system to another (a chimp pushes another chimp)
Energy transformation начать обучение		The change from one form of energy into another (light into chemical energy)
Trophic level начать обучение		A hierarchical level in an ecosystem containing organisms that have the same feeding function in the food chain
Autotroph начать обучение		Also called a producer; an organism that can produce its own food from inorganic molecules using chemical energy or light energy from the sun
Photosynthesis начать обучение		Conversion of light energy into chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms such as phytoplankton or plants
Food chain начать обучение		A flowchart showing feeding relationships between organisms
Trophic начать обучение		Relating to the consumption of food and nutrients
Consumer начать обучение		An organism that cannot produce its own food so needs to eat other organisms to obtain energy
Food web начать обучение		A flowchart showing complex feeding relationships between several interlinking food chains
Organic начать обучение		Relating to living matter
Inorganic начать обучение		Relating to molecules or structures that aren't part of a living organism
Carbon начать обучение		An element essential for many structures and processes in living organisms
Nitrogen начать обучение		An element required to produce many biological molecules, particularly in plants
Water начать обучение		A molecule essential for numerous biological processes in living organisms
Metabolic reaction начать обучение		A chemical reaction that helps to maintain the biological function of an organism
Carbon Sink начать обучение		A large area of vegetation, water or another naturally forming environment able to absorb and store atmospheric carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Fixation начать обучение		Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate by bacteria and cyanobacteria
Ecological niche начать обучение		The role and position of a species in its environment; interactions of a species with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment
Fundamental niche начать обучение		The range of environmental factors a species can occupy without consideration for population limiting factors
Realised niche начать обучение		The part of a fundamental niche a species occupies due to population limiting factors
Competitive exclusion начать обучение		The exclusion of a species from a community by another organism better adapted to that particular ecological niche
Keystone species начать обучение		A species that has a disproportionately large effect on the community in which it lives
Interspecific relationship начать обучение		A relationship or interaction between different species within a community
Carrying capacity начать обучение		The number of individuals of a species able to be supported by its habitat
Population limiting factor начать обучение		Any biotic/abiotic factor that limits the continued growth of a population of a species
Exponential growth начать обучение		Reproductive rate is maintained and the population continues to grow limited by resources
Immigration начать обучение		The permanent movement of an individual or population of a species into a community
Emigration начать обучение		The permanent movement of an individual or population of a species out of a community
Population change formula начать обучение		(Births (B) - deaths (D))+ (Immigration (I) - Emigration (E))
Lincoln Index начать обучение		The Lincoln Index allows conservationists to estimate population sizes of individual animal species. Individuals are captured, marked, released back into the population and recaptured.
Primary succession начать обучение		Development and change in plant communities over time, eventually leading from bare ground to a climax community
Secondary succession начать обучение		Successive, natural changes in plant communities in an area where a previous community has been removed
Pioneer species начать обучение		The first species to colonise an area during primary succession
Climax community начать обучение		A more or less stable plant community
Pioneer community начать обучение		A new community forming on a previously barren landscape, composed of pioneer species
Sere начать обучение		An intermediate community observed during ecological succession in an ecosystem advancing towards climax community
Ecological disturbance начать обучение		A temporary change in an ecosystem that causes a significant change in the behaviour, growth and survival of organisms
Symbiotic relationship начать обучение		An evolved interaction or close living relationship between organisms from different species, usually with benefits to one or both of the individuals involved

Bio unit 3

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