23. The business cycle

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Вопрос		Ответ
downturn начать обучение		a decline in economic activity
upturn начать обучение		an increase in economic activity
expectation oczekiwania, wymagania начать обучение		beliefs about what will happen in the future
consumption начать обучение		purchasing and using goods and services
gross domestic product начать обучение		the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
balance of payment начать обучение		is a statement of all transactions made between entities in one country and the rest of the world over a defined period, such as a quarter or a year.
demand начать обучение		the willingness and ability of consumers to purchase goods and services
supply начать обучение		the willingness and ability of businesses to offer goods and services for sale
save начать обучение		to keep money so that you can use it in the future
equilibrium начать обучение		a state of balance, for example when supply is the same as demand
deficit начать обучение		an amount of money that is smaller than is needed
surplus nadmiar начать обучение		an excess: a quantity that is larger than is needed
fiscal policy начать обучение		government actions concerning taxation and public expenditure działania rządu dotyczące podatków i wydatków publicznych
monetary policy начать обучение		government or central bank actions concerning the rate of growth of the money in circulation działania rządu lub banku centralnego dotyczące tempa wzrostu pieniądza w obiegu
money supply podaż pieniądza начать обучение		the total amount of money available in an economy at a particular time
keynesianism начать обучение		the economic theory that government monetary and fiscal policy should stimulate business activity and increase employment in a recession
business cycle начать обучение		a period during which a country's economy goes from growth to recession (= a time when business conditions are bad) and back to growth

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