22. Goverment and taxation

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allocation
przyznanie, przydział, alokacja
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distribution according to a plan
commercialize
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to organize sth to make a profit
externalities
efekt zewnętrzny
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positive or negative consequences of economic activities experienced by other people
pozytywne lub negatywne skutki działalności gospodarczej doświadczane przez inne osoby
infrastructure
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the basic systems and services that are needed in order to support an economy, for example, transport and communication systems and electricity and water supplies
optimal
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best; most likely to bring success or advantage
outcome
wynik
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the result or effect of an action, situation, etc
unfettered
nieskrępowany, swobodny (np. rynek, działalność gospodarcza)
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not controlled, limited, or prevented by anyone
income tax
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Is a tax dedeted from the wages, salaries, dividends, interest, and other income a person earns throughout the year
wealth tax
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the annual tax imposed on people's fortunes
direct tax
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is a tax on wages, salaries or on company profit
indirect tax
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is a tax paid on property, sales transactions, imports
value-added tax
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a tax collected at each stage of production(for good or services)
progressive tax
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a tax levied at a higher rate on higher incomes
capital gains tax
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tax on the profits made from selling something you own
inheritance tax
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a tax paid on money or property you have received from someone who has died. before it called capital transfer tax
tax evasion
uchylanie się od płacenia podatków
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ways of illegally paying less tax than you should
tax avoidance
omijanie przepisów podatkowych w legalny sposób
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the reduction, by legal methods, of the amount of tax that a person or company pays
tax haven
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a place where people live or invest money so as to pay less tax than they would in other countries
money launderer
osoba odpowiedzialna za pranie brudnych pieniędzy
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is the illegal process of making large amounts of money generated by criminal activity, such as drug trafficking or terrorist funding, appear to have come from a legitimate source.
to nielegalny proces polegający na pozyskiwaniu dużych sum pieniędzy z działalności przestępczej, takiej jak handel narkotykami lub finansowanie terroryzmu, które wydają się pochodzić z legalnego źródła.
loophole
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a small mistake in an agreement or law that gives someone the chance to avoid having to do something/ paying sth

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